Indian Notes 
&. Monographs 




Notes on 

Iroquois archeology 



INDIAN NOTES 







PRESENTED BlT 



MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



ill 



«lli 4.^ 






Iwli* 




HEYE FOUNDATION 



INDIAN NOTES 
AND MONOGRAPHS 

Edited by F. W. Hodge 




n 



A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
TIONS RELATING TO THE 
AMERICAN ABORIGINES 



'lAy-it 



OL. 



:h , ^U) ' ' 



NOTES ON IROQUOIS 
ARCHEOLOGY 

BY 

ALANSON SKINNER 



NEW YORK 

MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 

HEYE FOUNDATION 

1921 






This series of Indian Notes and Mono- 
graphs is devested primarily to the publica- 
tion of the result of studies by members of 
the staff of the Museum of the American 
Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform 
with Hispanic Notes and Monographs, 
published by the Hispanic Society of 
America, with which organization this 
Museum is in cordial cooperation. 

Only the first ten volumes of Indian 
Notes and Monographs are numbered. 
The unnumbered parts may readily be deter- 
mined by consulting the List of Publications 
issued as one of the series. 



Gift 

Tnetltutlor 
OCT 25 t8k\ 






NOTES ON 
IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 

BY 

ALANSON SKINNER 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

I. Archeological Problems of the North- 
ern Iroquois 

Introduction 15 

The great groups ; 24 

(1) The Eastern or Mohawk- 

Onondaga group 24 

(2) The Western group 30 

(a) The Central Iroquois. . 30 

(b) The Susquehanna Iro- 

quois 31 

(c) The Western or Huron- 

Tobacco-Nation 

Iroquois 32 

II. Notes on Caj^uga Archeology 

Introduction . 37 

Prehistoric Iroquois sites in Cayuga 

county 40 

Early historic Cayuga sites 48 

The Great Gully site 55 

The cemeteries 58 

Cemetery 1 58 

Cemetery II 66 

Artifacts from Cayuga sites 69 

Bone objects 69 

Awls 70 

Hollowed phalangeal bones. ... 70 



INDIAN NOTES 



IROQUOIS 



Cut bear's jaw 71 

Fishhooks 72 

Ornaments 72 

Beads and tubes 74 

Combs 77 

Antler objects 82 

Chipping tools 82 

Cut prongs 82 

Knife-handle 83 

[ Ornament 84 

Condition 84 

Pottery 85 

Character 85 

Classification 87 

Pipes 89 

Stonework 103 

Chipped-stone objects 103 

Rude stone objects 104 

Polished stone objects 105 

Pipes '105 

Charms and beads 109 

Shell articles 113 

Trade articles 116 

III. Archeological Researches in Jefferson 

County, New York 

Introduction 118 

Prehistoric Onondaga site in Black 

River village 121 

Occurrence of artifacts 123 

Bone and antler objects 125 

Awls 126 

Pottery tools of bone 127 

Arrowpoints 128 

Needles 129 

Animal teeth 130 

Engraved objects 131 



INDIAN NOTES 



CONTENTS 


7 


Harpoons 133 

Beads 134 

Jinglers 135 

Miscellaneous objects 136 

Antler objects 139 

Summary 140 

Pottery 141 

Pipes of pottery 149 

Stonework 157 

Pipes 158 

Beads 162 

Effigy gorgets 164 

Foodstuff 167 

Summary 170 

IV. Conclusion 172 

Bibliographic Notes 176 

Index 179 






AND MONOGRAPHS 





ILLUSTRATIONS 

Plates 

PACE 

I. Neutral pot forms 26 

II. Erie pot forms 30 

III. Seneca pot forms 32 

IV. Andaste pot forms 34 

V. Map of Cemetery 1, at Big Gully, 

Young's farm, Scipio 42 

VI. Cemetery 1, Big Gully, looking 

east 54 

vn. Cemetery 1, Big Gully, looking 

south 58 

VIII. Bone implements from Cayuga 

sites 60 

IX. Bone comb with panther design, 
obverse and reverse, from Big 

Gully site, Scipio 64 

X. Cayuga pottery jar from Venice 

Center 68 

XI. Rim sherds of pottery jars from 

Cayuga county 68 

XII. Fragments of pottery jar rims 
from prehistoric Cayuga fort, 

Locke 80 

XIII. Portion of large pottery jar from 

prehistoric Cayuga fort, Locke. 84 



INDIAN NOTES 



ILLUSTRATIONS 


9 


XIV. Rim sherds of Cayuga jars of cen- 






tral Iroquois type from prehis- 






toric fort at Locke 


88 




XV. Chipped flint objects from Cayuga 






sites 


96 




XVI. Hammerstone, net-sinkers, and 






muller from Cayuga sites 


102 




XVII, Celts from Cayuga sites 


106 




x\'iii. Stone beads and pendants from 






Cayuga sites 


108 




XIX. Trade articles from Cayuga sites. 


118 




XX. Map of the Putnam Site, Black 






River, Jefiferson county. ....... 


118 




XXI. Bone awls from Putnam site. Black 






River, Jefferson county 


122 




XXII. Prehistoric Onondaga bone and 






antler implements from Jeffer- 






son county 


126 










skull, and bone and antler arrow- 






points, from Jefferson county . . . 


128 




XXIV. Early Onondaga bone implements 






from Jefferson county 


132 




XXV. Engraved bone tools from Putnam 






site. Black River, Jefferson 






county 


136 


^ 


XXVI. Prehistoric Onondaga pottery jar 






from Theresa, Jefferson county. 


140 




XXVII. Prehistoric Onondaga pottery jar 






from Theresa, Jefferson county. 


142 




XXVIII. Onondaga rim sherds showing con- 






ventional human faces, from 






Putnam site. Black River, Jeffer- 






son county 


146 




XXIX. Onondaga rim sherds showing con- 






ventional human faces, from 






AND MONOGRAPHS 





10 



IROQUOIS 



Putnam site, Black river, Jeffer- 

f^' son county 148 

XXX. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- 
cised decoration, from Putnam 
site, Black River, Jefferson 
county 150 

XXXI. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- 
cised decoration, from Putnam 
site. Black River, Jefferson 
county 152 

XXXII. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- 
cised decoration, from Putnam 
site. Black River, Jefferson 

county 154 

XXXIII. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- 
cised and stamped decoration, 
from Putnam site. Black River, 

Jefferson county 160 

XXXI v. Onondaga rim sherds showing 
stamped decoration, from Put- 
nam site, Black River, Jefferson 
county 164 

XXXV. Onondaga rim sherds showing 
stamped decoration, from Put- 
nam site, Black River, Jefferson 

county 166 

xxxvi. Onondaga rim sherds showing 
stamped decoration and bizarre 
forms, from Putnam site, Black 

River, Jefferson county 168 

xxxvii. Onondaga pipe forms in terracotta 

and stone from Jefferson county 172 



INDIAN NOTES 



ILLUSTRATIONS 


11 


Figures 






1. Onondaga pot forms from Jefferson 






county 


26 




2. Phalangeal bone of a deer, carved, from 






Locke 


70 




3. Fishhooks from Locke 


71 




4. Perforated rear portion of the plastron 


of a box-tortoise from Locke 


73 




5. Object made from the end of a human 






femur, from a grave at Great Gully . 


74 




6. Bird-bone bead from Locke 


75 




7. Engraved bone beads from a grave at 


Great Gully 


76 




8. Bone comb with partridge design, from 






Fleming 


81 






83 




10. Sherd of a Cayuga jar found near Locke 


87 




IL Fragment of a terracotta figurine from 






Aurora 


88 










Center 


91 




13. Algonkian pipes from Cayuga county. 


93 




14. Coronet pipe of terracotta from Locke 


94 




15. Fragment of a pipe-bowl from a grave 






at Great Gully 


95 




16. Terracotta pipe from a grave on Young 






farm. Great Gully 


97 




17. Terracotta pipe-bowls from Great 






Gully and Scipioville 


98 




18. Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, from Scipio- 






ville, b, from Genoa 


99 




19. Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, with owl (?) 


efhgy, from Union Springs; h, with 






. bear effigy, from Fleming 


100 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





12 



IROQUOIS 



20. Terracotta pipe with niche bowl, found 

near Montezuma 102 

21. Stone pipe with carved face, found near 

INIontezuma 107 

22. Stone pipe with effigy facing smoker, 

from near Owasco lake 108 

23. Stone maskettes from Scipioville and 

from near Mapleton 1 10 

24. Catlinite beads from a grave at Great 

Gully . Ill 

25. Quatrefoil bone ornament from Fleming 112 

26. Tubular shell bead from a grave. Great 

Gully .••.••;•■ 112 

27. Shell beads: a, from Scipioville, h, from 

\'enice Center 113 

28. Shell pendant or duck bead, from Flem- 

ing 114 

29. Shell runtee from a necklace found at 

Great Gully 115 

30. Bead necklace as found in a child's 

grave at Great Gully 116 

31. Jesuit rings from Cayuga sites 117 

32. Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, 

Black River, Jefiferson county 130 

33. Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, 

Black River, Jefferson county 131 

34. Engraved tube from Rutland hills, 

Jefferson county 132 

35. Perforated phalangeal bone from Jeffer- 

son county 135 

36. Rubbed phalangeal bone from Jefferson 

county 135 

37. Antler measure from Jefferson county. 140 

38. Rim sherd of a prehistoric Onondagi 

pottery jar from Putnam site. Black 
River. Jefferson county 147 



INDIAN NOTES 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



13 



39. a, Trumpet pipe-bowl, h, Bowl showing 

shield bearing three faces, from Put- 
nam site, Black River, Jefferson 
county 152 

40. Small pipe from Putnam site. Black 

River, Jefferson county 155 

41. Fragment of an angular pipe-bowl from 

St Lawrence site, Jefferson county. . 156 

42. Ring bowl pipe from CoUigan site, Rut- 

land hills, Jefferson county 157 

43. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from 

Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson 
county 158 

44. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from 

Jefferson county 159 

45. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from 

Jefferson county 160 

46. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from 

Rutland hills, Jefferson county 161 

47. Fragments of terracotta pipes from 

Jefferson county 162 

48. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from 

Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson 
county 163 

49. Stone pipe from Jefferson county 164 

50. Stone pipe-bowl from Jefferson county 166 

51. Beads in process of making, from Put- 

nam site, Black River, Jefferson 
county 167 

52. Gorgets, with human faces incised 

thereon, from Putnam site. Black 
River, Jefferson county 169 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



^ 



I 



NOTES ON IROQUOIS 
ARCHEOLOGY 

By Alanson Skinner 

I.— ARCHEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF 
THE NORTHERN IROQUOIS 

INTRODUCTION 

T IS well known that, politically, 
socially, and militarily, the north- 
ern Iroquoian tribes were pre- 
eminent among all the Indians 
of forested North America; indeed, in their 
political achievements they were probably 
without equal in the New World. It is 
less generally realized that their material 
culture, while not so remarkable as their 
mental attainments, was, on the whole, su- 
perior to that of all their native contem- 
poraries and predecessors in Canada, New 
England, and the Middle Atlantic states, 
though meeting perhaps equally high types 



15 



INDIAN NOTES 



16 


IROQUOIS 




of development in the Ohio valley, in 
Georgia, Tennessee, and the Gulf states. 
While it is true that branches of the Iro- 
quoian stock, exemplified especially by the 
Cherokee, inhabited the latter districts, 
these peoples seem to have been of a differ- 
ent culture. For the purpose of this paper, 
therefore, the term Iroquois will be used to 
include only the tribes of the Iroquoian 
family inhabiting what is now New York, 
Pennsylvania, and lower Canada. 

In a general way, Iroquois artifacts have 
been figured and described, particularly by 
Beauchamp, in his valued pioneer studies of 
New York archeology,^ and by Boyle for 
Canada.^ Nevertheless, with few excep- 
tions, published data of intensive field- 
work at any given site or among any people 
of the northern Iroquois group have been 
lacking; the exceptions being Parker's re- 
port on the great EAe site at Ripley, N. 
Y.,^ and the bulletins by Houghton deal- 
ing with the Seneca and Neutral remains 
on and near the Niagara frontier."^ 

There are certain homogeneous features of 
Iroquois culture which are constant through- 




INDIAN NOTES 



INTRODUCTION 


17 


out the range. These criteria, as evolved by 
Parker in his illumining article on "The 
Origin of the Iroquois as Suggested by their 
Archeology,"^ by Houghton,^ and by the 
present writer, may be briefly combined 
and recapitulated, as follows: 

(1) Location of Dwellings. — The fortifi- 
cation of hilltops by means of log stock- 
ades or earthen circumvallations was quite 
general until the historic period, when the 
possession of firearms and other advantages 
aUayed fears of siege or invasion. At least, 
this is true of the tribes of New York and 
Pennsylvania, but data on the Canadian 
branches of the stock are less positive. 

(2) Arrowpoints. — Flint arrowpoints, 
where found at all, are triangular in type, 
to the exclusion of all other forms, and 
Iroquois sites are marked by a scarcity or 
absence of many other widely distributed 
varieties of chipped-stone work, except oval 
knives and scrapers. 

(3) Bone and Antler Implements. — The 
occurrence of a great variety and abundance 
of implements of bone and antler. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





18 


IROQUOIS 




(4) Pottery. — The existence of a high and 
specialized development of the potter's art 
in some regions, and a general abundance 
of earthenware. 

(5) Pipes. — The presence of an extraor- 
dinary development of the manufacture and 
use of earthenware tobacco pipes, with a 
later transference of certain features of this 
art to stone. 

(6) Non-use of Certain Materials. — The 
apparent distaste in nearly all localities for 
the use of certain materials highly prized 
for the manufacture of chipped-stone arti- 
facts by peoples of other cultures, the list 
including argillite, quartz, rhyolite, and 
various Hght-colored jaspers. This is not 
true of the tribes resident on the Susque- 
hanna, for the writer has personally taken 
typical, small, triangular arrowpoints made 
of most of the above materials from graves 
and village-sites of the Andaste on both the 
upper and the lower course of that stream. 

(7) Absence of Certain Forms of Stone 
Artifacts. — The absence of certain well- 
known forms of pecked, poHshed, and 
chipped stone artifacts, such as the grooved 




INDIAN NOTES 



INTRODUCTION 



19 



axe, grooved adze (the long pestle is reported 
by Parker as occurring in rare instances), 
the "plummet," steatite vessels, the rubbed 
slate point, bayonet slate, semilunar knife, 
and stemmed and notched arrowpoints. 
Native copper articles are almost unknown 
east of the Huron and the Neutral terri- 
tories, though the writer has seen two au- 
thentic beads of this material from a pre- 
historic site in Jefferson county, New York. 

(8) Absence of Problematical Slates. — All 
the problematical slate forms, including 
tubes, bird and bar amulets, two-holed 
gorgets, and bannerstones are absent. 

(9) Absence of Certain Pipe Forms. — Cer- 
tain pipe forms, such as the platform or 
monitor type, and the straight or slightly 
bent stone and clay tubular pipes, are 
lacking. 

(10) Beads. — Beads of stone, bone, shell, 
and sometimes of pottery, were extensively 
used, and their abundance was greatly aug- 
mented in historic times by the acquisition 
of glass trade beads. 

In addition to the articles mentioned 
above, there are found many kinds of arti- 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



20 


IROQUOIS 




facts that are common to other cultures in 
the same and in neighboring regions. 
Among these are celts, muUers, hammer- 
stones, net-sinkers, and stone mortars, and 
certain common bone utensils, such as awls. 
It may further be said that in the manu- 
facture of such particular artifacts as were 
known to the Iroquois, excepting those of 
chipped flint, specimens of their making 
generally show better workmanship than is 
found among their neighbors. 

In his "Origin of the Iroquois"'^ Parker 
gives a list of centers of northern Iroquois 
population; but the writer beheves that it is 
possible to go farther and to define certain 
definite areas, each marked not only by 
Pan-Iroquoian features but by such local 
differentiations as serve to distinguish it 
from all other regions, even of the same gen- 
eral culture. These do not altogether cor- 
respond with the centers as presented by 
Parker, consequently the writer has re- 
arranged the grouping according to data 
based on his field observations and from 
study of the collections in the Museum of 




INDIAN NOTES 



INTRODUCTION 



21 



the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and 
elsewhere in New York and in Canada. 

Before undertaking this classification it 
may be well to allude to the fact that, 
throughout the entire area in question, the 
existing remains may be identified with the 
tribes by which they were made, because 
it may often be determined, through his- 
toric sources, who the inhabitants of a given 
district were. It thus becomes possible, by 
comparison of the artifacts from known 
localities with those of prehistoric stations 
of unknown origin, to determine the latter 
with no uncertain degree of accuracy. 
This enables the archeologist to study and 
to correlate his data with greater facility 
than in any other section east of the Mis- 
sissippi. 

In his classification, the writer prefers 
to combine Parker's centers under two 
heads, an eastern and a western, on the 
ground that, while there are local tribal 
cultural variations in each instance, they 
possess so many characteristic features in 
common that their division into cultural 
units of equal value with and independent 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



22 



IROQUOIS 

of the parent group is unwarranted. Hence 
they will be considered as subdivisions. 
Parker himself recognizes an eastern and a 
western area of Iroquois pottery forms, ^"^ 
but although the present writer agrees with 
him in the matter of his actual criteria, their 
views do not wholly coincide on the subject 
of distribution. 

Another feature which has hitherto re- 
ceived scant attention is the factor of chron- 
ology. Thus, although an examination of 
prehistoric Iroquois artifacts shows that 
these people once possessed a somewhat 
homogeneous culture, as time went on this 
culture was modified among the western 
tribes, which, though retaining suggestions 
of the old handicrafts here and there, ulti- 
mately developed a distinctive art of their 
own. This, though varying locally, stands 
as a unit as opposed to that of the eastern 
Iroquois, who long clung to their ancient 
customs. 

Still later, in the historic period, when 
the Five Nations of New York augmented 
their numbers by bands of Huron, Erie, 
and Neutral, whom they settled en masse 



INDIAN NOTES 



INTRODUCTION 


23 


in their territory, these people evidently 
brought with them the characteristic fictile 
ware of the western group, which began to 
spread eastward, even to the territory of the 
Onondaga, where eastern Iroquois culture 
had formerly reached its climax; so that 
artifacts obtained on historic sites of that 
nation can scarcely be reconciled with the 
prehistoric objects of the same people. In 
this instance identification has been made 
largely through historic records, and the 
disappearance of the local types of artifacts 
through the substitution of extraneous ob- 
jects, or at least of objects made according 
to extraneous ideas, checks with colonial 
accounts of the incorporation of aliens by 
the Five Nations. In some cases, sites 
which existed before the influx endured for 
some time after, and archeological evidence 
has been found to link the earlier and the 
later influences at work on the handicraft of 
the inhabitants.^^ In passing, it may be 
observed that on some sites of the historic 
period, objects entirely foreign to any form 
of Iroquois culture are found — for example, 
notched flint arrowheads and grooved axes. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





24 


IROQUOIS 




It is necessary only to remember that tribes 
of the Algonkian stock and culture were also 
forcibly colonized by the Five Nations. 

THE GREAT GROUPS 

(1) The Eastern or Mohawk-Onondaga 
Group 

The eastern or Mohawk-Onondaga center 
includes the St Lawrence basin from JVIon- 
treal southwestward through western Ver- 
mont to New York, including St Lawrence 
and Jefferson counties, thence to the valley 
of the Mohawk, and from there westward, 
including Oneida, Madison, and Onondaga 
counties. 

The area covers the territories, prehis- 
toric and historic, of the Mohawk, Oneida, 
and Onondaga. Various slight tribal dif- 
ferences in culture will be found to exist. 
For example, Mohawk artifacts, on the 
whole, are less varied than those of their 
congeners, while on the other hand, in pre- 
historic times the Onondaga developed a 
high technic in pipe and pottery making, 
which stands unsurpassed for free play of 
esthetic fancy, even among the Iroquois, 




INDIAN NOTES 



EASTERN GROUP 


25 


their art reaching its cHmax, so far as 
known, at the village of Hochelaga, discov- 
ered by Cartier in 1534, and now covered 
by the city of Montreal.^ 

Taking the Onondaga as the type people, 
the two features of their prehistoric archeol- 
ogy which strike the observer most forcibly 
are the well-made earthen pipes and ves- 
sels which abound in the ash-beds of their 
villages. 

In the case of the pipes, the fancy of the 
maker was scarcely restrained by conven- 
tion, and fairly ran riot in efhgy forms 
modeled in the round, including animals — 
the bear, fox, tortoise, fish, crawfish, frog, 
snake, and various birds; human faces and 
entire figures; complexes of birds and hu- 
man figures, men in canoes, and mytho- 
logical characters, with a number of truly 
conventional forms such as the ordinary 
bent trumpet, square-topped or coronet, 
and various odd geometric types, a small 
series of which may be seen in the collec- 
tions of the Museum of the American In- 
dian, Heye Foundation. These will be de- 
scribed in another part of this paper. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





26 



IROQUOIS 

While less freedom of expression is found 
in ancient Onondaga pottery than in the 
pipes, a variety of forms is to be noted 
with a wider range of decoration than is 






c d 

Fig. 1. — Onondaga pot forms from Jefferson county. 

usual elsewhere (fig. 1). In shape, the 
Onondaga jars seem to have been con- 
ventionalized to a high degree, the con- 
stricted neck, overhanging collar, and 



INDIAN NOTES 



EASTERN GROUP 



27 



angular or peaked rim, being often highly 
exaggerated. The pitcher form (fig. 1, c), 
with the protruding Up carried to an ex- 
treme length, is not infrequent. 

Decoration is generally confined to the 
heavy collar, and is both incised and im- 
pressed with a cord-wrapped stick; but 
examples with parallel bands of lines or 
with dots, adorning the shoulders where the 
neck meets the swell of the body of the jar, 
are not infrequent. In some cases, notably 
with the pitcher forms, the ornamentation 
is spread over the neck and the entire upper 
half of the jar. 

Conventional human faces, composed of 
dots or of circles grouped to represent eyes 
and mouth, sometimes enclosed within in- 
cised diamond figures, often adorn the 
angles of the rim or occur under the raised 
peaks. In some cases these faces appear 
as realistic heads, modeled separately and 
luted to the jar before firing. In color both 
vessels and pipes generally vary from light- 
brown to rosy pink, sometimes mottled 
with black. 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



28 



IROQUOIS 

Among the Mohawk and the Oneida many 
of the same styles are found, but with less 
variety. As one goes westward, sugges- 
tions of the same types reach even to the 
Seneca, in whose territory, on prehistoric 
sites, there are found fragments of vessels 
which resemble, except in their weaker de- 
velopment of neck, collar, and ornament, 
the ware of the early Onondaga. This 
resemblance becomes less and less striking 
as the sites near and pass the period of 
European contact, when a new style of 
ware intrudes, bearing relationship to that 
of the Erie and the Neutral, which will be 
described more fully under its appropriate 
head. This ware (and the same is true of 
certain type of pipes) seems to have passed 
gradually eastward until it appears even on 
later sites of the Onondaga themselves, arti- 
facts from the Onondaga villages and ceme- 
teries of the colonial period on the Finger 
lakes being difficult to reconcile with speci- 
mens from the Rutland hills and Hochelaga. 

Early Onondaga stonework is almost neg- 
ligible, being confined to a few excellent 
steatite pipes and beads, some celts, mul- 



INDIAN NOTES 



EASTERN GROUP 



29 



lers, hammerstones, mortars, flint scrapers, 
a few chipped flints, triangular arrows, and 
some rare gorget-like pendants. However, it 
may be said of the pipes, that both stemmed 
forms, not dissimilar to some of the clay 
types, and bowls designed for the reception 
of a reed mouthpiece, occur. Of the latter, 
two striking types have been noted, one 
(fig. 50) of an animal of nondescript appear- 
ance, the other of a panther or other creature 
shown climbing on its own tail, like those 
found in Canada and figured by Laidlaw.^° 
One of these pipes is in the H. J. Oatman 
collection in Watertown, New York. 

In bone and antler the Onondaga dis- 
played true Iroquoian facility of workman- 
ship, and quantities of excellent polished 
awls, bodkins, needles, fishhooks, harpoons, 
simple three- or four-toothed combs, gor- 
gets of human skull, rubbed and perforated 
phalanges of deer, beads, tubes, arrowpoints, 
spatulas, pottery tools, effigies, and miscel- 
laneous objects litter their ash-beds. 

In shell they made a few beads and uni- 
valve knives or scrapers. In native copper 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



30 



IROQUOIS 

two cylindrical beads, probably without 
parallel, have come to the writer's attention. 
Supplementary to this brief summai^, a 
description of the material found on a typical 
prehistoric Onondaga site and its environs 
in Jefferson county, New York, will be given 
elsewhere in this paper, 

(2) The Western Group 

The wTStern Iroquois covered a vast ex- 
panse of territory, ranging from the Finger 
lakes in the east to Georgian bay on Lake 
Huron in the west, southward along Lake 
Erie, across western Pennsylvania into 
Ohio, and down the valley of the Susque- 
hanna and its branches from the New York 
state line to Chesapeake bay. Naturally 
in so great a range, local culture develop- 
ments are to be expected, and these we may 
class under certain subdivisions, as follows: 

(A) The Central Iroquois. — The Neu- 
tral-Seneca-Cayuga group includes the Ni- 
agara peninsula in Ontario, and extends east- 
ward across the river to the Finger lakes of 
western New York. On the south, along 
the shores of Lake Erie, it crosses western 



INDIAN NOTES 



WESTERN GROUP 


31 


Pennsylvania into Ohio. The area was 
once inhabited by the Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, 
Neutral, and other minor tribes of the same 
stock. The southern and western people 
of this subdivision differ somewhat from the 
eastern Seneca and the Cayuga, but not 
enough to warrant placing them on a plane 
with the remaining subdivisions. Outlines 
of the forms of pottery jars used by these 
people are shown in pi. i-iii. 

(B) The Susquehanna Iroquois. — The 
habitat of this group includes the region 
comprised by the valley of the river from 
which its name is derived, the ancient 
ground of the little-known group led by the 
Andaste, Susquehannock, or Conestoga, as 
they were variously called, if indeed the 
names are really synonymous. The arche- 
ology of these people shows them to have 
been closely related to the Erie and the 
Neutrals. The known pottery jar forms of 
this group are shown in pi. iv. 

Possibly the still more southerly Tusca- 
rora and their kindred may some day be 
added to the list, as Iroquois in culture as 
well as in language. That such may well be 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





32 


IROQUOIS 




the case is suggested by the discoveries 
made by Moorehead^^ in one of their ceme- 
teries near Romney, West Virginia. 

(C) The Western or Huron-Tobacco- 
Nation Iroquois. — Owing to lack of in- 
tensive study of the archeology of the re- 
gion formerly inhabited by the Huron con- 
federacy and the Tobacco Nation, compris- 
ing the area in Ontario west of the Niagara 
peninsula, north of Detroit river, east of 
Lake Huron, and finding its northern limits 
somewhere above Lake Simcoe, it is not 3^et 
possible to define clearly the culture of these 
people. It may be that future research 
will bring to light sufficient data to warrant 
the division of the region into a number of 
centers, or it may eventually be merged 
with the Neutral and the Seneca. At pres- 
ent, however, such indications as we have 
seem to point to an ultimate division rather 
than to combination. 

The artifacts used by the western Iroquois 
tribes are Pan-Iroquoian in character, and, 
as usual, the greatest variations from the 
eastern group are found in their fictile ware. 
As the various subdivisions of the western 




INDIAN NOTES 



WESTERN GROUP 


33 


group will be treated individually hereafter, 
it will suffice to say for the present that in 
general the pottery vessels are of darker 
ware than that of the eastern peoples, and 
are squat and globular, with a beaded or 
crinolated rim, or slight collar, and Httle or 
no neck. In some instances, especially on 
older sites, i^tcher forms and angular- 
mouthed jars with pronounced collars, 
sometimes ornamented with human faces, 
occur, hnking the ware of the district with 
that of the Mohawk-Onondaga. These 
types, however, become scarcer after the 
dawn of the historic period, and the ves- 
sels partake more of the character of the 
globular type above mentioned. 

Greater conventionalization is noticed 
among the pipes of this region than farther 
to the east, certain forms predominating, 
especially those with line-and-dot ornament, 
and coronet or square-topped bowls. The 
former are specifically noted by Parker as 
typical of the western Iroquois. However, 
effigies representing heads of animals and of 
human beings, entire mammals, fish, birds, 
and serpents, with the bowl orifice in the 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





34 


IROQUOIS 




back or formed by the open jaws, and de- 
formed crouching images supposed to repre- 
sent members of the False-face society in the 
act of blowing ashes, appear. These are 
usually in dark clay, sometimes black, and 
so highly polished as to give the appearance 
of glaze. 

While some of the same concepts are to be 
seen in ancient pipes of the eastern area, the 
technic and style, as well as the color and 
finish, are quite different. It is these varie- 
ties in pipes and pottery that we find pene- 
trating eastward to later historic sites, as we 
have stated above, to the gradual exclusion 
of the original forms. 

As a concrete example, in the private col- 
lection of Mr C. P. Oatman, of Liverpool, 
New York, is a large series of typical pipes 
from prehistoric Onondaga sites in Jeffer- 
son county, and another series taken from 
graves at an Onondaga site near Syracuse, 
where Jesuit devices and trade articles 
abound. The latter group of specimens in- 
clude pipes with line and dot decoration, a 
bird-effigy pipe of western Iroquois style, 
and a blowing false-face, all of the dark 




INDIAN NOTES 



WESTERN GROUP 



35 



ware, and of the same form and technic as 
are associated with hke artifacts from the 
country of the Seneca, Neutrals, and Huron 
of the Niagara frontier and westward. 

Again, the pipe fragments obtained by the 
writer on prehistoric Cayuga sites are of the 
red ware and trumpet or coronet designs 
similar to those from Jefferson county, as 
indeed are some from Cayuga sites of the 
Jesuit period. But on the later sites dark 
pipes of western technic, even of the pohshed 
black variety, predominate. 

As to the great problem of the origin of 
the Iroquois, the writer does not think it 
possible to add any light at present to that 
afforded by Parker in his able discussion. 
It must first be determined whether the 
eastern or the western group is the older, 
and whether it is not possible that the two 
groups may not have been separated for a 
long time before they again came in contact. 
Moreover, during this possible separation 
they may have had very diverse history, 
vicissitudes, and migrations. The wide- 
spread occurrence of certain features of the 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



36 


IROQUOIS 




culture of the eastern group, as elsewhere 
brought out in this paper, may perhaps 
argue for the relative antiquity of that 
body, but until we have more detailed data 
from adjacent areas, the beginnings of the 
Iroquois must remain obscured. 




INDIAN NOTES 



II.— NOTES ON CAYUGA 
ARCHEOLOGY 

INTRODUCTION 

ENTRAL New York state has so 
long been settled and cultivated 
that most of the archeological 
sites have come to the attention 
of local farmers. The result has been that, 
for a century or more, objects of Indian 
manufacture have been gathered from 
plowed fields, and carried off and scattered 
broadcoast. Cayuga county is no excep- 
tion to this rule, and owing to the activities 
of one or more commercial collectors who 
sought out and looted the burial-grounds of 
both Algonkians and Iroquois in the hope of 
obtaining salable curiosities, most of its sites 
have been more greatly despoiled than those 
of neighboring counties. In the late seven- 
ties raids on the historic Cayuga cemeteries 
in particular began, and in the following 
decade large quantities of relics, considering 



37 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



3S 


IROQUOIS 




the relatively small Cayuga population of 
the region, were exhumed and sold to col- 
lectors throughout the United States and 
even in Europe. The result has been that, 
while much archeological material has been 
recorded, and individual specimens have 
been figured and described, with the excep- 
tion of the objects now in the Museum of 
the American Indian, Heye Foundation, no 
representative collection of Cayuga Iroquois 
culture is known. The objects illustrated 
in this article represent, probably as fully 
as is now possible, the archeological history 
of this relatively little known Iroquois 
people, and show them to belong to the 
western, as opposed to the eastern, Iroquois 
group. 

Much confusion has existed concerning 
the identification of Indian sites in Cayuga 
county. Algonkian and Iroquois alike 
have been muddled hopelessly by incompe- 
tent observers, and to sites of the Jesuit 
mission period have been given the names 
of Indian towns destrayed by General Sulli- 
van in his campaign against the Iroquois 
in 1789, a hundred years or more later. 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


39 


Prehistoric Algonkian hamlets have been 
improperly classed as Jesuit stations, and 
noted as such in the literature of the county 
and the state with unjustified confidence. 
It is not the purpose of this paper to enter 
deeply into a historical discussion of this 
nature, but it is hoped that some discrim- 
inating historian versed in the rudiments of 
archeology will some day visit the abo- 
riginal sites of Cayuga county and reclassify 
them according to the criteria furnished by 
the remains occurring thereon. 

The difficulties of the task involved in 
research among the Iroquois remains in 
Cayuga county were dissipated to a great 
extent by the assistance of a number of 
public-spirited citizens of the district, who 
gave specimens, and even placed their 
farms, their automobiles, and their valuable 
time at the disposal of the Museum's 
party. Especial thanks are due Mr Wil- 
lian H. Young, of Union Springs; Mr 
Ernest J. Young, of Venice Center; Miss 
Isabel Rowland, of Sherwood; Dr F. C. 
Smith, of Fleming; Mr Benjamin Watkins, 
of Scipioville; Mr Edward Richardson, of 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





40 


IROQUOIS 




Union Springs, Mr George Myers and Mr 
Hugh Cadzow of Auburn. 

Mr Donald A. Cadzow of the Museum, 
and Mr Ralph Theurer of Auburn, served 
in the capacity of field assistants through- 
out the work. 

PREHISTORIC IROQUOIS SITES IN 
CAYUGA COUNTY 

During the summers of 1915, 1916, and 
1919, the writer made three field trips to 
Cayuga county in behalf of the Museum of 
the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
for the purpose of examining and exploring 
the Indian sites still to be traced in that 
region. His observations soon made it 
apparent that at least two cultures were 
represented, as follows: 

(1) The culture of a prehistoric Algon- 
kian people, determined by comparing the 
artifacts found in their village and burial 
sites with those of other areas known to 
have been occupied by people of that stock 
alone. This Algonkian population of Ca- 
yuga county, it was found, were the 
makers of the polished slate gorgets, banner- 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


41 


stones, platform pipes, notched arrowpoints 
and spearheads, gouges, long pestles, and a 
host of other articles unknown to, or at 
least not used by, their Iroquois successors, 
who in turn were more adept at work in 
clay, bone, and antler. The subject of the 
Algonkian occupancy of Cayuga county is 
more fully treated in vol. ii, nos. 1 and 2, 
of this series of Indian Notes and Mono- 
graphs. 

(2) The next comers here were an Iro- 
quois people, doubtless the Cayuga of his- 
tory, who occupied the county from pre- 
historic to late colonial times, not relin- 
quishing their homes until long after the 
arrival of Caucasians. As no Algonkians 
were found in Cayuga county by the first 
white settlers, and as their sites greatly out- 
number those of the Iroquois, it seems 
probable that Algonkian people were resi- 
dent in the district long before the arrival 
of the Cayuga; moreover, since no objects 
of historic provenience have been found 
associated with Algonkian remains, it se'ems 
further likely that the first Cayuga arrivals 
soon drove the Algonkians from their old 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





42 


IROQUOIS 




established seats and seized the territory for 
themselves. There is, however, a Seneca 
tradition, according to Mr A. C. Parker, 
State Archeologist, that the Cayuga are 
but a recent offshoot from the Seneca, who 
came into their historic territory in recent 
times, after it had been abandoned by the 
Seneca pioneers. 

The prehistoric sites examined by the 
writer include a typical stockaded fort at 
Locke; another on the Great Gully in Led- 
yard near Scipio, scarcely half a mile from 
the historic site on the Young farm; a third 
at Aurora; and a fourth, probably an un- 
fortified site, on Parker's pond in Cato. 

Of these sites, that at Locke is the largest 
and was occupied for a longer period, al- 
though in neither respect does it compare 
with many of the hilltop forts in the Rut- 
land hills in Jefferson county. It covera 
an area of two or three acres on a point of 
the tableland half a mile west of the vil- 
lage of Locke, and overlooks the Owasco 
lake inlet. Two streams join here, and the 
Indians dwelt on the angle formed by their 
junction, the steep banks on two converging 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 






PL. V 



II I I I 1 I I I I I 




'^ Disivrird 



; / ■ ■ ■ 



^^ 



(&j 



;%;• 



'■%^^ 



^i^6i/r6 ^ei 









^u riJi/s . 



/irr-pit 



u 



9^- 



MAP OF CEMETERY 1. AT BIG GULLY, YOUNG'S FARM, SCIPIO 



CAYUGA 


43 


sides making a natural fortification of the 
place. The arms of the acute angle along 
the brinks of the gullies were easily rendered 
redoubtable by a log stockade, the holes 
where the logs were set still being visible in 
rows, sometimes double, in the unplowed 
forest land. 

Deep pits, not yet entirely filled, prob- 
ably corn caches, perhaps to the number of a 
hundred, may be seen within the Hmits of the 
old enclosure. The artifacts are found on 
the slope of the hills and on the flat top, in 
ash-beds, some of which reach a depth of a 
foot or more. From the ashes the writer 
has taken a square-topped "coronet" pipe of 
terracotta, lacking only the mouthpiece; 
many fragments of pipe-stems; sherds from 
numerous pottery jars, closely resembhng 
those of the Iroquois ash-beds in Jefferson 
county, though with occasional leaning 
toward western (Seneca, Erie, Neutral) 
ware (pi. xiv). Among the articles found at 
Locke were bone awls (pi. viii), a bone fish- 
hook (fig. 3, a), jinglers'of hollowed deer 
phalanges, a fragment of a polished and 
perforated box- turtle shell (fig. 4), a carved 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





44 


IROQUOIS 




antler knife handle (fig. 9), triangular flint 
arrowpoints, leaf-shaped knives of the same 
material, net-sinkers, celts, diminutive celts 
used perhaps as pottery gravers, celts de- 
graded for use as hammers, and rubbing 
stones, all of which specimens are charac- 
teristic of Iroquois sites, even to the historic 
period. 

At the Great Gully fort, conditions are 
similar. The site is at the angle of the 
two gullies, and was stockaded, as is shown 
by a litie of post-holes still to be found in the 
woods. Pits abound, but there seem to be 
no ash-beds. A few sherds of archaic Iro- 
quois pottery, in which the angular collar 
with its notched edge is scarcely developed, 
were gathered. The occupancy here was 
brief, if indeed it was ever more than a place 
of refuge in time of war. Local residents 
speak of the finding of the remains of a keg 
of gunpowder and a brass kettle on this spot. 
As the great site on the Young farm, dating 
from the Jesuit period, is so near, this is not 
surprising. In Squier's Antiquities of the 
State of New York^^ is the following ac- 
count of this fort, with an excellent diagram 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

(pi. XIII, 3) entitled, "Ancient Work of the 
Cayugas, Ledyard Township, Cayuga 
County, New York." 

"This work is found about twelve miles 
southwest of Auburn, in the town of Ledyard, 
Cayuga county. It forms a good illustration 
of the character of the aboriginal defences. It 
is situated upon a high point of ground, formed 
by the junction of two immense ravines, which 
here sink some hundreds of feet below the table- 
lands. A narrow spur, hardly wide enough to 
permit two to walk abreast, extends down to 
the bottom of the ravines, starting from the 
extreme point of the headland. It is still called 
the 'Indian Path,' and affords a practicable 
descent to the water. At every other point 
the banks are almost, if not entirely inacces- 
sible. At some distance inward, extending 
from the bank of one ravine to the other, was 
originally a line of palisades. The holes left 
by their decay are still distinct, each about 
eight inches in diameter. The position is emi- 
nently a strong one, and, under the system of 
attack practiced by the Indians, must have been 
impregnable. Within the inclosure are to be 
found caches and other features common to the 
class of works previously described, and with 
which this work entirely coincides, except that 
the embankment is wanting." 

At Aurora another high point was 
chosen, situated between the converging 



45 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



46 


IROQUOIS 




gorges formed by brooks. Here are few 
pits, no traces of a stockade, but many ash- 
beds a few inches in depth. From these the 
writer procured clay pipe-stems, beads 
made from natural concretions, triangular 
flint arrowheads, leaf-shaped stone knives, 
archaic Iroquois potsherds, hammerstones, 
net-sinkers, round worn muUers or grinders 
not unlike the flat-sided type of discoidals 
known in the South, and a few bone awls. 
A piece of a small terracotta effigy of some 
animal (fig. 11) also was found. This site, 
in common with the two forts at Locke and 
Great Gully, is of purely Iroquois type, the 
Algonkian peoples preferring to dwell on 
the lowlands, except on rare occasions, and 
then leaving the flats only under Iroquois 
influence or compulsion. 

At Cato, on Parker's pond, or, as it is 
now known. Forest lake, a site was discov- 
ered on a low sandy knoU in the woods. Its 
finder, Mr Cramer of Auburn, together with 
the writer and Mr Cadzow, his assistant, 
spent several days in exploration here. 
Ash-beds and pits were found in which were 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


47 


a few bone awls, clay pipe-stems, archaic 
and later Iroquois pottery, many net-sinkers 
(dozens being found eji cache), and a jingler 
made from a phalangeal bone of a deer. 
From the bottom of some ash-beds Algon- 
kian sherds and a single notched point were 
recovered. 

An interesting feature of this lowland site 
is that, not more than 150 yards away, is a 
site which, from the nature of its artifacts, 
is certainly attributable to the Algonkians. 
Here occurs a low mound, possibly artificial, 
of sand mixed with black earth and midden 
debris, in which Mr Cramer found a clay 
pipe resembling the soapstone platform 
variety, two skeletons without accompani- 
ments, notched stone arrowpoints, and 
fragments of steatite vessels. The writer 
secured also a two-holed slate gorget, 
sherds of Algonkian pottery, and stemmed 
and notched flint arrows at the same spot. 
Every specimen mentioned in this brief list 
is of a type wholly foreign to the articles 
found on known sites of the Iroquois, in- 
cluding that in the near-by woods. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





48 


IROQUOIS 


^ 


EARLY HISTORIC CAYUGA SITES 
Situated on the top of the high plateau 
between Lakes Owasco and Cayuga are a 
number of Cayuga Iroquois sites which may 
be referred not only to the early colonial 
period, but to the time of the Jesuit mis- 
sions, since at all of them quantities of 
trade and religious articles of European 
origin occur. The objects definitely attrib- 
utable to the Jesuits are bronze rings (fig. 
31) with the sacred heart, figures of saints or 
of the Virgin, and inscriptions such as 
I.H.S., I.X.X.I., and V.M., together with 
crucifixes and the like. 

Other village remains of a still later date, 
namely, the sites of the Cayuga towns de- 
stroyed by the American Revolutionary 
General Sullivan, no doubt occur; but the 
Cayuga in 1789, according to the journals of 
Sullivan's officers, were dwelHng for the 
greater part in log houses patterned after 
those of the whites, and using almost en- 
tirely utensils procured from Europeans, so 
that their traces are more difficult to segre- 
gate from those of the early white settlers. 
Indeed, while present-day local tradition 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


49 


makes nearly every Indian site, of whatever 
culture or period, the remains of a town 
burned by Sullivan's army, very few such 
are definitely located. There is one near 
Oakwood, between Union Springs and Au- 
burn, and possibly the village-site on the 
northern side of the mouth of Great Gully 
brook, generally considered a Jesuit station, 
may belong in this category. A few beads 
and pipes seem to be all the objects of In- 
dian manufacture that may be found on 
sites of this period. 

Beginning in the town of Fleming, on 
Fleming creek, there is an Indian site de- 
scribed by Beauchamp^^ as a "cemetery of 
half an acre on lot 89, west of Fleming Vil- 
lage.. Modern relics." This site has been 
largely looted by commercial collectors, and 
nothing is now visible. It was probably a 
Jesuit mission. 

About two miles southwest of Fleming, on 
the present Mead farm, is a site which has 
long been ransacked by local and commer- 
cial diggers. In his work last cited, Beau- 
champ says: "East Cayuga, or Old Town, 
was a quarter of a mile west of Mapleton, 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





50 


IROQUOIS 




on lot 95, Fleming. Area, 10 or 12 acres 
east of the creek. The relics are recent." 
Clark notes that, "East Cayuga, or Old 
Town, contained 13 houses, in the southwest 
corner of the town of Springport as indicated 
on the map from three to four miles from the 
lake. A site in the southwest corner of 
Fleming was a site of this town at about this 
time," which was 1779. 

The actual age of this Cayuga village far 
antedates the "Old Town" of 1779, for in 
the graveyard and in outlying isolated 
graves were found quantities of Jesuit 
relics. Mr W. W. Adams, who at the pres- 
ent writing is still Hving at an advanced age 
at Union Springs, New York, conducted 
much digging in Cayuga county, and prob- 
ably opened more graves and dug into more 
sites than any other collector. As his ex- 
cavations were made for commercial pur- 
poses, the objects found have been sold and 
scattered. On this site some of Adams' 
greatest finds were made. He assured the 
writer that, on May 2, 1888, he took from 
one grave here the following articles: 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


51 


1 brass kettle 2 1 native made gun- 
17 flints flints 

2 gunflints 3 bars of lead 

6 bullets 5 rubbing stones 

6 long shell beads 16 canine teeth of bear 

1 bone harpoon 2 axes 

3 antler handles 2 pairs of shears 

1 knife with an ant- 4 pairs of bullet-molds 

ler handle 2 gunlocks, with flints 

2 large shears 32 knives and edged tools 
1 gun 1 pipe 

1 piece of black 1 piece of mica 

paint 1 wormer 

2 trigger guards 1 steel and two flints 
1 gun cleaner 2 melting ladles 

a quantity of 2500 wampum beads 

gunpowder a quantity of Jesuit rings 

Dr F. C. Smith, of Fleming, kindly pre- 
sented the Museum with the bowl of a bear- 
efligy pipe of highly polished black clay 
(fig. 19, b), an iron axe, and some other ob- 
jects dug by himself from this spot. Miss 
Isabel Sherwood also presented some Jesuit 
rings and a beautiful bone comb (fig. 8), 
found on the Mead farm by Adams. 

The writer obtained clay pipe fragments 
and glass beads from the ash-beds along the 
creek, also arrowpoints of brass. It is 
needless to repeat that the identification of 
this village with the Upper Cayuga or Old 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





52 


IROQUOIS 




Town destroyed by Sullivan's arm}' is 
erroneous. 

Approximately three miles southwest of 
this site lies the Jesuit mission village ex- 
plored by the writer and Mr Cadzow, on 
the south bank of Great Gully, which will 
be described later in detail. 

Possibly these three sites correspond 
with the three Cayuga non-paHsaded villages 
visited by Wentworth Greenhalgh in 1677.^'^ 

About two miles farther south, in the 
village of Scipioville (lot 26, Scipio), is an- 
other Jesuit station, remarkable for the re- 
ligious articles and the profusion of red shale 
or catlinite beads and pendants which it has 
revealed. Here again Adams found many 
artifacts, including several pipes of native 
origin. If the writer is not mistaken, one 
of these was the often-illustrated raven 
pipe which subsequently found its way into 
the Douglas collection now in the American 
Museum of Natural History. Mr Benja- 
min Watkins, who formerly lived on this 
site, presented to the Museum of the 
American Indian, Heye Foundation, quan- 
tities of beads, a stone carving of a human 




INDIAN NOTES 



C A Y U G A 


53 


face, and several clay pipe-bowls (figs. 17, h, 
18, a, 23, a) ; he also spoke of finding a bone 
comb in a grave here, which was carved to 
represent two bears, squatted on their 
haunches, facing each other. Local farmers 
have effigy pipes, crucifixes, Jesuit rings, 
medals, beads, axes and brass kettles. 

Five or six miles southeast is a site on 
Big Salmon creek, in \>nice Center, where 
Jesuit relics have been found. Here the 
writer and his party spent several days in 
digging, in company with Mr Adams and 
alone, in 1916 and 1919, but only disturbed 
burials with a few beads and metal objects 
were found. In Mr Adams' note-book, 
which he kindly lent to the writer, he says 
that he found in graves in the sand bluff 
east of the creek, Jesuit rings and poly- 
chrome Venetian beads, brass kettles (one 
over the skull of a skeleton), guns, pipes, 
and an earthenware jar placed upright in a 
brass kettle. This may be the small jar 
shown in pi. X. 

One long, red-glass bead, and several 
wampum and discoid shell beads, an iron 
knife and kettle fragments, were all that 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





54 IROQUOIS 



were found by the writer. A fine clay 
trumpet pipe (fig. 12) in our collection is 
catalogued as coming from Venice Center — 
probably this very site. 

In Genoa two similar Jesuit sites are 
found, but were not very carefully exam- 
ined by our party, as they too had been 
looted. 

It is interesting to note the relative pau- 
city of aboriginal articles of the Jesuit 
period in Cayuga graves, in comparison 
with those of the contemporary Seneca. 
Pipes are scarce, and earthenware vessels 
even scarcer — in all his work, Mr Adams 
encountered only two: one at Scipioville, 
the other, as mentioned, at Venice Center, 
July 20, 1886. So far as the writer is 
aware, few stone-age cemeteries of the 
Cayuga are known, and none positively 
traceable to any of the stone-age sites 
herein described. Historically it is well 
known that large bodies of Andaste from the 
Susquehanna were colonized by the Cayuga, 
whole villages, perhaps, being made up of 
colonists from this outlying Iroquoian 
tribe. The entire vessel shown in pi. x 



INDIAN NOTES 






/ M 



'^>« 







13 




o 




o 


- 


QQ 




T-" 




>- 




DC 




LU 
LU 




CAYUGA 


55 


closely resembles some of the Andaste jars 
found at Athens, Pa., by the writer in 1916, 
and may have been made by that people. 
A detailed comparison of Andaste and 
Cayuga artifacts may shed hght on the 
origin of the latter. 

The chief value of the excavation and 
examination of Indian village and burial 
sites of the historic period lies in just such 
comparative work as this. Had the Ca- 
yuga cemeteries devastated by vandals been 
examined by competent observers, a mass of 
data bearing on the customs, religion, and 
history of the tribe might have been gath- 
ered, which, by comparison with like ma- 
terial from other areas, would have afforded 
means of determining the position of the 
Cayuga in history and archeology. 

The Great Gully Site 

On lot 113, Ledyard, in the village of 
Scipio, lies the William H. Young farm, on 
the south bank of Great Gully. Pro- 
tected from vandalism for many years, Mr 
Young permitted the Museum's party to 
excavate at will, and Mr E. J. Young, his 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





56 



IROQUOIS 

brother, also manifested his public spirit 
by presenting specimens found years ago 
on the farm, and by active assistance in 
digging and exploration. To these two 
broad-minded, intelligent gentlemen the 
Museum owes much. Of this site Beau- 
champ says: 

"A site on lot 114 Ledyard is supposed to 
be Upper Cayuga. There are fireplaces and a 
few graves with European relics and many cop- 
per fish-hooks. General Clark speaks of Upper 
Cayuga, an Indian town of fourteen very large 
houses, near the north line of Ledyard . . 
on the south bank of Great Gully brook and as 
appears on the map between one and two miles 
from the lake. The distance is greater. "^^ 

As a matter of fact, the distance from 
Lake Cayuga is three and a half or four 
miles, and, as will appear from the Jesuit 
rings found there, the site is an older one 
than has hitherto been conceded. 

The well-known prehistoric stockade was 
across a deep ravine joining Great Gully 
on the south, and only half a mile away. 
Scattered Algonkian notched flint knives 
and spears, and bits of steatite vessels pro- 
claim an earlier, pre-Cayuga occupancy.- 



INDIAN NOTES 



C A Y U G A 


57 


Three cemeteries are known to exist on the 
Great Gully site, although, from the relative 
scarcity of skeletons, others must be near 
by; yet the stiff clay soil is so difficult to 
dig that testing is well-nigh impossible. 
The first spot examined by the Museum's 
party, which will be called, for the purpose 
of identification, Cemetery 1 (pi. v-vii), is 
situated on a high lobate knoll overlooking 
Great Gully, about 150 yards west of Mr 
Young's barn. The soil is stiff, reddish 
clay, overlying sand, which in some in- 
stances approaches the surface. The lo- 
cation of the burials was ascertained through 
the accidental exposure of a skeleton by 
plowing some years ago, while subsequent 
digging, mostly clandestine, by local collec- 
tors, brought others to light. The skeleton 
first found had with it a brass kettle, a 
gun, and a native clay pipe. A Mr Gif- 
fords found another burial that was accom- 
panied with a brass kettle, a pottery effigy 
pipe, a crucifix, some Jesuit rings, and a 
green blanket over the bones. How many 
others were located by diggers, or what their 
accompaniments were, can never be known. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





58 


IROQUOIS 




as no records were kept and the objects are 
lost. 

Two hundred yards or more to the east- 
ward, on the brink of the ravine, Mr 
Young found Cemetery 2, which held 
seven burials, all flexed and without ob- 
jects. One hundred feet north, near the 
family residence, Mr Young's father, while 
planting a row of posts, found a burial with 
many accompaniments. This was the first 
discovery in Cemetery 3, to which refer- 
ence will be made later. 

A quarter of a mile east, in the Gully 
bottom, across the brook, the solitary skele- 
ton of a child was found by a neighboring 
farmer. It had no accompaniments and 
tests here revealed nothing. 

THE CEMETERIES 

Cemetery I: Grave 1. — This grave con- 
tained the flexed skeleton of a young man, 
on its left side, headed west, facing north, 
at a depth of 2 ft. 7 in. The bones were in 
poor condition, and the skeleton lacked the 
left arm, clavicle, and scapula. The left 
femur was detached, and was found upright 




INDIAN NOTES 




>- 



CAYUGA 


59 


against the northeastern corner of the grave, 
at an angle of 45 degrees. The upper right 
arm lay parallel with the trunk; the lower 
arm was at a right angle with it. About 
six inches in front of the finger-bones was a 
deposit consisting of an iron bullet-mold of 
small caliber, part of a metal knife-blade, a 
piece of a native clay pipe of the Pan- 
Iroquois line-and-dot pattern, and four 
large and handsomely engraved bone tubes 
(fig. 7). The remains of a flat, narrow, 
wooden object, nearly six feet in length, 
probably a bow, lay under the body and 
extended from head to feet; six inches be- 
fore the face was a small pile of round or 
barrel-shaped red-glass trade beads, with 
at least one tiny blue polychrome "star" 
bead. With these was a cylindrical frag- 
ment of brass, two or three inches long. 
Near the skull were two small sherds of 
native pottery, and scattered throughout 
the grave soil were scraps of brass kettle, 
flint chips, and bits of white and colored 
china. 

Grave 2. — This grave, which was four feet 
east of grave 1, was 5 ft. 10 in. long, by 4 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





60 



IROQUOIS 

ft. broad and 4 ft. deep. It contained bones 
scattered from surface to bottom, where 
there were three heaps of long-bones repre- 
senting probably six individuals. The first 
of these bundles (a) was found in the north- 
west corner of the pit and contained two in- 
ferior maxillaries; at the opposite corner 
was a similar bundle (b), with one lower 
jaw; and in the third bundle (c), which 
lay in the center of the pit, were some in- 
fants' scapulae from bodies not represented 
by other bones. All the bones were greatly 
decayed, and the skulls were fragmentary. 
With bundle a, in the northwestern corner, 
there were no objects; but bundle c contained 
part of a short and narrow wampum belt 
wrapped around some of the bones. On the 
southern side of the pit, close by, was an 
iron trade axe, set upright, blade down. 
■Bundle b, in the southeastern corner, had a 
globular green-glass bead, some very tiny 
glass beads, and several long, triangular, 
and tubular beads of red stone, probably 
catlinite (fig. 24), some of which are notched 
and engraved. 

Q-ave 3. — In troweling over the outer 



INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



\a 



d 




BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM CAYUGA SITES 
(Length of a, 5 j in ) 



CAYUGA 


61 


edges of grave 2, a black stain was encoun- 
tered in the southwestern corner, which 
extended into grave 3. Here lay the re- 
mains of an old man, on the left side, 
headed east and facing south. The skele- 
ton was tightly flexed, with arms folded 
and hands before the face. The bones were 
surrounded by a plentiful deposit of char- 
coal, and a few inches above the body were 
many burnt stones. A pocket containing 
about a dozen land-snail shells {Helix sp.) 
was above and near the head. 

Grave 4. — This sepulcher likewise con- 
tained the skeleton of an old man, tightly 
flexed, on its left side, headed west and 
facing north. There were no objects in the 
grave, except a limestone bowlder of about 
fifty pounds' weight, which lay upon the 
shoulders. The bones were decayed be- 
yond recovery. 

A deep firepit was found near grave 3. 
It was oval in shape, 6 ft. long, 3 ft. broad, 
and 4 ft. deep, and contained, besides char- 
coal, ashes, and burnt stones, a few plain 
potsherds and a bit of the bowl of a white- 
clay trade pipe. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





62 



IROQUOIS 

Grave 5. — This grave, which was 4^ ft. 
deep, held the skeleton of a woman, at 
length on its back, head to the west, facing 
over the left shoulder to the north. The 
right arm was folded across the abdomen, 
the other was folded with the hand under 
the chin. At the back of the head was a 
round hollow in the clay, 8 or 10 in. in 
diameter, which seemed to have contained 
a bundle of which the only remains con- 
sisted of a decayed black substance. At one 
side of this hollow was a beautiful carved 
bone back-comb (pi. ix), representing two 
panthers rampant, chmbing on their own 
tails, and facing each other with tongues 
joined. Both fiat surfaces of the comb are 
covered with finely etched designs. At the 
right knee of the skeleton was the upper 
end of a human femur that had been sawed 
off with a stone knife (fig. 5), and at the 
right foot was about a quart of bones and 
scales of fish. About two feet above the 
skeleton was an earthenware pipe bowl 
(fig. 17, a). The bones of this skeleton were 
in fair condition, so that it was possible 
to save the skull. 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


63 


Grave 6. — At a depth of three feet was 
found the flexed skeleton of an aged woman 
lying on the left side, facing north. Back 
of the head was a brass kettle having a 
capacity of about a quart, in which were a 
few short deerskin thongs, some knotted. 
The kettle had rested on and been covered 
by bark, probably of elm, shreds of which 
were preserved by the metallic salts of the 
kettle. The bones of the skeleton had 
practically disappeared through decay. 

Grave 7. — At a depth of ^ ft. was the 
skeleton of an infant less than a year old, 
extended on its back, headed west. The 
child was flanked by two flintlock guns, 
both pointed west, with flints afifixed, and 
portions of the wooden attachments, as 
well as the brass ferules that had held the 
cleaning rods. At the top of the head, 
with the blade pointed northwestward, was 
a cutlass, probably French, with an antique 
basket hilt of rusted metal, to which had 
been attached a few round, black, glass 
beads. Near the waist were two long, 
cylindrical, shell beads, and about twelve 
inches away from the feet, at the eastern 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





64 


IROQUOIS 




end of the grave, was a shell necklace (fig. 
30) extending across the grave from north 
to south, composed of seven engraved shell 
runtees (fig. 29), each about the size of a 
half dollar, with long, tubular, shell beads 
at the ends (fig. 26). 

Grave 8. — At a depth of only a foot, this 
grave contained the flexed body of a nearly 
toothless old woman, lying on the right 
side, headed west, facing north. Before 
her face were the dehcate bones of a new- 
born babe, extended on its back, headed 
west. An iron knife with a bone or an 
antler handle lay beside the child. The 
bones of both bodies were crushed and 
decayed. 

Grave 9. — This grave may have been 
looted by previous diggers. It held, at the 
depth of a foot, the disturbed skeleton of an 
aged person, probably a woman. The skull 
lay at one side, headed east. The lower 
jaw was eight inches away, toward the north- 
east; the other bones were two and a half 
feet away to the north, in a small pit. 
There were a few traces of vermilion paint. 




INDIAN NOTES 





cob; ^ 

Z— u 

LlJ_I >- 

Q_i :£ 

PCO 6 



CAYUGA 


65 


Grave 10. — This was a looted grave con- 
taining a few bones stained with iron and 
brass. 

Grave 11. — Like grave 10, this sepulcher 
had been previously opened and looted. 
There were traces of iron and copper, some 
small bits of a wooden spoon or bowl, a 
carved bone trinket (apparently a spiral 
point broken from some larger object), and, 
in the northwestern corner of the grave, the 
cast of a pottery jar in the stiff clay, of 
which one large decorated sherd remained 
(pi. XI, h). Other sherds scattered through- 
out the grave showed that the looter had 
been too careless or ignorant to remove the 
jar which he had discovered. 

Grave 12. — A bundle burial composed of 
the bones of an aged person, found at a 
depth of eighteen inches. On a pile of long- 
bones were pieces of the skull, and the lower 
jaw, inverted. Beneath this was a pit, 
three feet deep, in which were several plain 
bone tubes, and near these a large piece of 
the bottom of a thick, colonial glass jar or 
bottle. 

Disturbed Graves. — From this point sev- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





66 


IROQUOIS 




eral previously dug disturbances were 
found. At least half a dozen other skele- 
tons' had evidently been dug up and their 
bones scattered. Traces of vermilion and 
green paint, copper- and brass-stained 
bones, bits of brass kettles, fragments of 
trade pipes of white clay, and china were 
uncovered. 

A colonial cesspool, which may be at- 
tributed to a cluster of settlers' cabins and 
a grist-mill that stood here in the early 
years of the nineteenth century, was found. 
This was a cylindrical, stone-lined vault, 
and held a quantity of colonial relics, in- 
cluding an English halfpenny of 1804. 
Among the stones were found two Indian 
celts built into the vault. A fireplace con- 
taining a deep bed of red and white ashes 
was found about ten feet north of this; it 
held, among other things of European ori- 
gin, a brass needle of Indian make, flat, 
centrally perforated, 5| in. in length (pi. 
XIX, h). 

Cemetery II: About forty years ago Mr 
Young's father found the skeleton of a 
Cayuga warrior in the garden, about 25 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


67 


feet west of the southwestern corner of the 
house, and about 35 feet from the highway. 
Messrs WilHam H. and Ernest J. Young, 
who located the spot and assisted the 
^Museum's party in digging there, remem- 
bered that this skeleton was flexed, headed 
west, and was found at a depth of two and a 
half or three feet. Near the head of the 
skeleton, inverted, was a small copper or 
brass kettle, under which were some copper 
fishhooks (pi. XIX, b) and red paint. Also 
near the skull WTre two clay pipes, one 
(fig. 16) of the lined-bowl type, long and 
graceful; the other, which is still owned by 
Mr Ernest J. Young, who presented the 
first specimen to the Museum, is longer 
and more slender, with a deHcately modeled 
human face, turned toward the smoker, 
beneath the lined bowl. 

Some iron implements, gun-locks, hide- 
scrapers, etc., were also obtained, and, on 
relocating the grave, an iron hide-scraper 
was taken from the disturbed earth by our 
party. No beads were found. 

Assisted by Mr Ernest J. Young, the 
writer found a second grave about a yard 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





68 


IROQUOIS 




north of that last described. This held the 
flexed skeleton of an old person, on its back, 
probably a woman, headed west, facing 
north, with arms folded across the trunk. 
The bones, although greatly decayed, were 
still traceable. Over the left shoulder was 
a small brass kettle of about one quart ca- 
pacity, in which were the moldering frag- 
ments of a wooden spoon wdth a broad 
bowl. Six inches above the skull was a 
piece of the bowl of an ornately decorated 
clay trumpet pipe (fig. 15), and a single 
tiny, round, green-glass bead lay amon^; 
the bones. 

The grass grows very green in the spring 
in a large circle around the spot where these 
graves were found, but persistent testing 
yielded no further remains. Those en- 
countered were probably isolated burials. 
Mr Ernest J. Young has Jesuit rings, stone 
celts, small triangular flint arrows, glass 
and shell beads, pitted hammerstones, 
stone mullers or corn grinders, brass arrow- 
points and jinglers, and a small, well-carved 
stone mask, all of which were found on the 
surface or in graves at this site. 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



PL. X 




CAYUGA POTTERY JAR FROM VENICE CENTER 
(Height, about 6 in.) 



SKINNER— IRCOUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



PL. XI 




>' 



"ffrff/iX 





m 



b 



RIM SHERDS OF POTTERY JARS FROM CAYUGA COUNTY 



\ 



CAYUGA 


69 


ARTIFACTS FROM CAYUGA SITES 

Bone Objects 

Bone was somewhat extensively used by 
the Cayuga, in both prehistoric and historic 
times, for the manufacture of a wide variety 
of implements and ornaments, yet, until 
after they had acquired metalHc tools, this 
tribe did not develop any such skill in work- 
ing either bone or antler as is shown by 
the artifacts found on the early Mohawk, 
Oneida, or Onondaga sites. In other words, 
early Cayuga bonework was little better 
than that of their rude Algonkian prede- 
cessors. With the possession of metal 
tools, however, bone carving took a de- 
cided impetus, and in historic graves very 
finely carved and etched articles of this 
material occur, equal or superior to the best 
work of any Iroquois people. Among the 
articles taken from Cayuga graves by Mr 
Adams and others, but which have disap- 
peared, are bone or antler harpoons, and 
spoons, some of which are figured by 
Beauchamp.^*" None were encountered 
by the writer during his explorations. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





70 



IROQUOIS. 

Awls. — On most of the prehistoric sites 
examined by the writer, bone awls occurred, 
though in no great number. Several of 
these from the ash-beds of the fort at Locke 
are illustrated in pi. viii, a-e. They vary 
in length, the largest (the sharpened tip of 
which is missing) being 5j in. long, the 
shortest 3i in. Most of 
these implements are made 
by sharpening small mam- 
mals bones, probably deer, 
although some are fabrica- 
ted from sections cut from 
larger bones. They are of 
a type too well known to 
need further description. 
No bone awls from historic 
sites were seen, although it 
is probable that systematic 
excavation of the ash and 
refuse heaps would reveal 
They are not to be expected in 
graves. 

Hollowed. Phalangeal Bones. — Hol- 
lowed phalangeal bones of deer, as is usual 
on Iroquois sites, are not uncommon. One 




Fig. 2.— Phalangeal 

bone of a deer, 

carved, from L(Tcke. 

(Actual size.) 



them. 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

of these, cut open at the proximal end and 
perforated at the distal end, is shown in 
fig. 2. Deep notches are cut in the broad 
proximal part. It was one of a number 
found at Locke, and was either a jingling 
pendant or a unit of the ordinary cup-and- 
pin game. The writer has seen similar 





a h 

Fig. 3. — Fishhooks from Locke. (Actual size.) 

specimens from widely separated parts of the 
Iroquois range. 

Cut Bear's Jaw. — On the same site the 
writer recovered the rear portion of the in- 
ferior maxillary of a black bear, which had 
been cut in two with a stone knife by the 
common process of sawing a deep girdle 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



72 


IROQUOIS 




around the bone and then breaking it. The 
use to which this specimen was put is 
doubtful. 

Fishhooks. — A completed bone fishhook 
is represented in fig. 3, a, and another (b) in 
the process of making, both of which were 
taken from ash-beds at the Locke site. 
In the unfinished specimen a section has 
been sawed out of a dense but hollow bone, 
and the convex surface ground away, 
leaving the base and edges which, when the 
implement was completed, would have been 
freed from the intervening bone and the 
rough form of the fishhook thus made ready 
to polish and sharpen. The work was done 
wdth stone knives and scrapers, as the 
striae show. 

Ornaments. — Fig. 4 exhibits the per- 
forated rear portion of the plastron of a 
box-tortoise, found at Locke, probably a 
portion of a rattle used as an accompani- 
ment to dancing, as among the Iroquois 
today. 

An unusual specimen is shown in fig. 5, 
which represents the ball-end of a human 
femur, cut off apparently with a stone 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

knife, which was found at the right knee 
of the skeleton of the female in grave 5 of 
the cemetery on the William H. Young 
farm at Great Gull)'', near Scipio. A small 




Fig. 4. — Perforated rear portion of the plastron of a box- 
tortoise from Locke, (f.) 



hole on the rough surface suggests the 
beginning of a perforation. Beauchamp 
figures several perforated examples, mostly 
from Onondaga county,^ ^ but gives no clue 



73 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



74 



IROQUOIS 

as to their use. They were probably charms 
or trophies. 

PI. VIII, /, represents a pendant made 
from a perforated canine tooth of a black 
bear, found by Dr F. C. Smith of Fleming, 
who took it from a grave on the ]\Iead farm 
near the village. The site is one of the 
Jesuit period. Perforated canine teeth of 




Fig. 5. — Object made from the end of a human femur, 
from a grave at Great Gully. (Actual size.) 

various carnivorous animals are not un- 
common on Iroquois sites. 

Beads and Tubes. — Beads and tubes, 
made of naturally hollow bird-bones cut in 
sections, are familiar objects on all western 
Iroquois sites, and the writer has taken 
many from Erie and Neutral sites on both 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

sides of the Niagara frontier. He once 
found a necklace of thirty-six in an Erie 
ash-pit at Ripley, New York. 

Bone beads and tubes are not infrequently 
ornamented with etched chevron figures, 
especially those from sites across the Ca- 
nadian border. At the present time, such 
artifacts are still in use among the Meno- 
mini and the Winnebago, certain classes of 
medicine-men swallowing 
them for purposes of divina- 
tion, and also using them to 
suck disease from their pa- 
tients. Many seem to have 
been used solely for orna- 
ment. The writer has col- 
lected a number, both plain Fig.6 
and etched, from both the 
tribes mentioned. 

Fig. 6 exhibits a bead made of a sec- 
tion of a hollow bird-bone, sawed off at 
both ends with a stone knife, and well pol- 
ished. It came from the Locke fort. 

Four hollow bird-bone tubes, or large 
beads, are shown in fig. 7, all deHcately 
etched with chevron and other designs. 




Bird-bone 
bead from Locke. 
(Actual size.) 



75 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



76 



IROQUOIS 







o 



o 



w 



The two larger examples are 4i in. long; 
all four were found by the writer 
among a small deposit of various objects 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


77 


with skeleton 1 , on the Young farm at Great 
Gully. They were in contact with an iron 
bullet-mold, which has left stains and an 
incrustation of rust on them. The writer 
knows of no exactly similar objects, al- 
though a large tube of human bone from 
Jefferson county. New York, in the Museum 
of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
has reminiscent features in the incised de 
sign on its surface. Fine-Hne etching on 
bone objects seems to have been a favorite 
mode of embelHshment with the Cayuga, 
in both prehistoric and historic times. 

Combs. — Handsomely carved back-combs 
of bone and sometimes of antler, probably 
made solely for ornament, have been exten- 
sively used by all the Iroquois from prehis- 
toric times until the middle colonial period, 
at least. The date of their disappearance 
from use is unknown, but it certainly long 
post-dated European contact. 

On the earher sites simple combs, with 
from three to five teeth each, have been 
found. Examples of this kind are figured 
by Beauchamp from prehistoric Onondaga, 
Mohawk, and Seneca sites,^^ and by Parker^^ 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





78 


IROQUOIS 




from the Seneca. An Andaste comb of the 
primitive variety, found at Athens, Pa., is 
shown by Louise Welles IMurray.^^ 

The more elaborate combs of the later 
period are broader, furnished with more 
teeth, sometimes exceeding twenty, and 
bear on their fiat surfaces handsome designs, 
often of realistically carved animals or 
human beings. They occur commonly 
throughout the territory of the Five Na- 
tions, except, according to Beauchamp,^^ 
on Oneida sites, where they may still be 
expected. In the Museum of the American 
Indian, Heye Foundation, are two excel- 
lent examples from the Neutrals, found in 
graves at St Davids, not far from Niagara 
Falls, Ontario, and the writer has seen 
several fragmentary examples from Andaste 
or Conestoga sites on the lower Susque- 
hanna. Bone combs were unknown to the 
New York Algonkians, but one was found 
on the Minisink site in New Jersey by 
Messrs Heye and Pepper. ^- 

Beauchamp figures several Cayuga combs. 
One from Scipioville has the top carved to 
represent two men facing each other, per- 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


79 


haps in combat. ^^ It was found, like most 
Cayuga specimens, by Mr W. W. Adams, 
who is credited also with recovering one 
showing two snakes on the opposing sides, 
also facing each other. Another,^^ from 
Fleming, exhibits two turkeys face to face. 

An outline drawing, seen by the writer, 
of a bone comb from Cayuga county in the 
private collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, of 
Katonah, N. Y., shows two indistinct 
figures, perhaps two headless men, carved 
on the back. From these notes, and from 
the specimens illustrated in this article, it 
will be seen that all later Cayuga combs 
thus far reported possess this feature of 
two opposing figures on the back or orna- 
mented part. 

A beautiful and nearly perfect bone 
comb, taken by the writer from grave 5 at 
Great Gully, is shown in pi. ix, a, b, which 
represent the obverse and reverse sides. 
The design portrays two long-tailed ani- 
mals, probably panthers, rampant, climb- 
ing on their own tails in the conventional 
attitude so often observed on stone pipes 
among the New York and Canadian Iro- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





80 


IROQUOIS 


■ 


quois. The tongues of the animals are 
joined. The comb is provided with twenty- 
one teeth, and from the fine cutting there 
can be no question that the specimen was 
made with metallic tools. It measures 3^ 
in. high by 2| in. broad, and is covered with 
finely-etched designs on both flat surfaces, 
in characteristic Cayuga style. While a 
number of bone combs have been found in 
Cayuga county, on the sites at Fleming, 
Mapleton, and Scipioville, none compares 
with this example in excellence of work- 
manship. 

Fig. 8 represents another bone comb, 
found many years ago by Air W. W. Adams 
in a grave on the Mead farm at Fleming, 
and presented to the Museum by !Miss 
Isabel Rowland of Sherwood. It is slightly 
longer and narrower than the one from Great 
Gully, being 3| in. high by 2 in. broad. 
The design represents two partridges fac- 
ing each other with joined bills, and, as in 
the other specimen, both flat surfaces are 
covered with finely-etched lines, in this 
case representing the plumage of the birds, 
and groups of chevron figures. The orna- 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



PL. XII 




"<■ ■*r«r^.^;;vr --^ 




a 





FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY JAR RIMS FROM PREHISTORIC 
CAYUGA FORT, LOCKE 



CAYUGA 

mentation on both sides being almost iden- 
tical, only one surface is shown in the 
illustration. The comb is provided with 
nineteen teeth, of which five are broken. 




Fig. 8. — Bone comb with partridge design, from the site at 
Fleming, (f.) 

Like the preceding (pi. ix) it has been 
made with metallic tools. There are slight 
stains of copper salts on it. This comb is 



81 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



82 



IROQUOIS 

figured by Beauchamp,^^ who, however, 
gives it merely passing notice in his text. 

Antler Objects 

Chipping Tools. — An antler prong worked 
into a rude cylinder, the end of which shows 
wear, as though it had been used as a 
chipping tool, was taken from an ash-bed 
at the Locke fort. An illustrated circular 
printed for Mr W. W. Adams figures a 
similar though better-made example, which 
was taken from a historic grave on the Mead 
farm, at ]\Iapleton. These cylindrical ant- 
ler tools are apparently commoner west of 
the Cayuga country, on Seneca and Neutral 
sites. 

Cut Prongs. — Also found at Locke is an 
antler prong, one end of which has been cut 
off with a stone implement and partially 
hollowed. Traces of unfinished cutting may 
be seen on the opposite side near the base. 
This object may have been intended for a 
spear- or lance-head, until the tip was 
broken off. Not far from where this speci- 
men was taken from the ash-bed, the writer 
obtained the base of an antler of a Virginia 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

deer, cut oft" at or below the fork and care- 
fully ground down, and it exhibits grinding 
also at the proximal end. A longitudinal 
groove has been sawed in one side with a 
stone tool. The specimen 
was undoubtedly an imple- 
ment in process of manu- 
facture, but in its present 
stage its intended purpose 
cannot be determined. 

Knife-handle. — Fig. 9 
represents a neatly carved 
antler knife-handle from 
the Locke fort. A deep 
slot has been cut in the 
distal end to receive a 
blade, probably of flint, 
and a similar one in the 
proximal part, though for 
no apparent purpose. The p^^ ^_^ a r v e d 
latter end is broken off, fntier knife-handle 

' from Locke. (|.) 

but a perforation for sus- 
pension remains. On one side is a carved 
band, filled in with an incomplete zigzag 
ornament. The specimen, which is nicely 
polished, is grooved near the base of 




^?> 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



84 


IROQUOIS 




the blade slot to receive a thong or sinew 
binding for holding the blade firmly. It 
now measures 2| in. in length by Its in. 
at the broadest part. Such handles are not 
common, but have been reported from a 
number of widely separated Iroquois 
localities. 

Ornament. — A small spiral, carved of 
antler and having the appearance of being 
part of some larger object of unknown ap- 
pearance, was found in a looted grave on the 
Young farm at Great Gully. 

Condition. — A matter that has long 
aroused the scepticism of observers unfa- 
miliar with Iroquois culture iS the ex- 
cellent condition of the bone and antler ob- 
jects when unearthed. Many retain their 
polish, and even the grease with which they 
were saturated when lost, this being evi- 
dently due in part to the preservative 
nature of the beds of hardwood ashes in 
which they are commonly discovered. 
Similar objects found buried elsewhere, or 
plowed to the surface, disintegrate and soon 
resemble those from Algonkian shell-heaps 
of the coast. But the high polish of many 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 




PORTION OF LARGE POTTERY JAR FROM PREHISTORIC 
CAYUGA FORT, LOCKE 

(Height, 9| in.) 



CAYUGA 


85 


bone artifacts may also serve to make them 
more resistant to decay than the roughly 
finished tools of the Algonkians. Illustra- 
tive of the grease retained in bone objects 
from Jefferson county, is the fact that the 
collection of Dr R. W. Amidon, of Chau- 
mont, New York, was partly eaten and 
nearly destroyed by mice during his absence. 

Pottery 

Character. — Inasmuch as the occu- 
pancy of Cayuga county by the Iroquois 
seems to have been of short duration, in 
comparison with that of the Algonkian tribes 
which preceded them, relatively little pot- 
tery of Cayuga manufacture exists in mu- 
seums or in private collections. In pre- 
historic graves, clay jars are rarely found 
in the Iroquois country, and apparently 
not at all in the Cayuga territory.- The 
time when such mortuary offerings were 
commonly made was from the period of 
the first contact of white people to rela- 
tively modern times. In the Seneca con- 
fines, for example, the graves most pro- 
ductive of pottery and other native arti- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





86 


IROQUOIS 




facts are those which date from the time 
of the advent of the first Europeans, to 
whom, judging by these mortuary evidences 
alone, is attributable a gradual infiltration 
of foreign articles. With the Cayuga, judg- 
ing by the archeological work the writer 
has done and by the collections he has ex- 
amined, it would seem that their contact 
with the whites was sudden and close, and 
that they passed from a prehistoric to a 
mixed colonial culture at once, without 
any intermediate transition period. Con- 
sequently, Cayuga graves commence ab- 
ruptly to contain objects of which by 
far the greater proportion is European. 
One Cayuga jar from Scipioville is illus- 
trated and described by Beauchamp.-^ It 
is rather plain and not t\'pical. 

Mr W. W. Adams reports but two native 
vessels as a result of his extensive diggings, 
one of which was found in a brass kettle. 
This is probably the example figured in pi. x. 
The writer found traces of one earthen jar 
on the Young farm at Great Gully. All 
other native pottery of which there is any 
knowledge is fragmentary, and comes from 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

ash-beds or pits on prehistoric sites. Speci- 
mens were obtained at the Locke fort (which 
yielded by far the greatest quantity), at 
Aurora, and at Cato. With two exceptions 
the examples figured in this paper are from 
Locke. 




Fig. 10. — Sherd of a Cayuga jar found near Locke. 

Classification. — Cayuga pottery may be 
divided into three groups, as follows: (a) 
Archaic Iroquois, in which the typical 
rounded bottom, constricted neck, and 
overhanging rim with the notched angle, 
are foreshadowed by a weak development 
of all these features, as seen in pi. xiii and 



87 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



88 



IROQUOIS 

fig. 10. This type of ware closely resembles 
that found by Mr A. C. Parker, State 
Archeologist, on the Reed farm at Rich- 
mond Mills and at Burning Spring in Cat- 
taraugus county, both early Seneca sites. 

A second form (b) is similar to the more 
highly developed eastern Iroquois pottery 

of Jefferson 
county and the 
St Lawrence 
region, as shown 
in pi. XII. Here 
the narrowed 
neck and notched 
collar are pro- 
nounced. A 
small but entire 
exaniple of this 
ware is shown in 
pi. X. It is about 
six inches high and of two and a half pints' 
capacity. There are conventional human 
faces on the rim. 

The third and last type (pi. xiv) is simi- 
lar to that of the western Iroquois style, as 
noted on Seneca and Erie sites of the early 




Fig. 11. — Fragment of a terra- 
cotta figurine from Aurora. 
(Actual size.) 



INDIAN NOTES 




ur 



— o 

^3 

K< 

^^ 
CO 

< 

< 

O 

>- 
< 

o 

Ll 
O 

CO 

D 
CC 
ijj 

I 

CO 



CAYUGA 


89 


contact period, where the overhanging col- 
lar, or cornice, narrows or disappears. 

Few designs impressed with a cord- 
wrapped stick are seen on early Cayuga 
earthenware, but an example shown in pi, 
XI, b, was found in a grave on the Young 
farm at Great Gully. In the same plate, 
a represents a sherd from the prehistoric 
site at Cato, decorated in the same manner. 

Fig. 11 represents a portion of a small 
animal figurine of pottery, found at Aurora. 
It is a most unusual, though crude, 
example. 

Pipes. — Such earthenware pipes as have 
come to the writer's attention from prehis- 
toric Iroquois sites in Cayuga territory are 
all made of light, reddish clay. These pipes 
still appear on sites of the colonial period, 
but at these later places dark-gray and even 
polished black •earthen pipes occur abun- 
dantly. This, of course, is due to western 
Iroquois influence through captives from 
tribes across the Niagara frontier and to 
the south. 

Early Cayuga pipes are not abundant, 
and as they are found in ash-beds and not 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





90 



IROQUOIS 

in graves, they are generally broken. Those 
seen or obtained by the writer consist prin- 
cipally of the trumpet and the coronet or 
square-topped, forms, although there is 
reason to suppose that the kind having the 
bowl made in imitation of an ornate Iro- 
quois earthenware jar is old as well as 
recent. The latter type of pipe is somewhat 
more commonly reported from Cayuga sites 
than elsewhere in the Iroquois country, 
though known especially in Jefferson 
county. Early Cayuga pipes are also in- 
clined to be less angular in outline than those 
of later date. No efitigy pipes have as yet 
been reported from sites antedating colonial 
contact, though there is no good reason to 
suppose that they may not exist. On later 
sites, where deposits of artifacts occur in 
graves, entire pipes are found, though spar- 
ingly, and among these a variety of effigy 
forms has been recorded, commonest of 
which is the style in which a face, either 
animal or human, is turned toward the 
smoker. Those in which the face is that of 
a man (fig. 18, a) predominate. 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


91 


Beauchamp-^ figures an effigy pipe found 
at Scipio by Mr Adams, the bowl of which 
has an upturned raven's head in front, the 
rear being made in the form of a miniature 
jar. Another pipe, shown by the same 




Fig. 12. — Trumpet pipe of terracotta from Venice Center. 
(About i) 

author,-^ is described as from Cayuga 
county; it has the bowl in the form of a 
bear's head, with jaws open to receive the 
tobacco. From Venice, in the same county, 
Beauchamp illustrates^^ a trumpet pipe 


AND MONOGRAPHS 





92 


IROQUOIS 




which may be a poor reproduction of the 
same pipe shown in our fig. 12. Two other 
Cayuga pipes represented in the same pub- 
lication show the vase or jar form, and also 
a fine wolf-head pipe taken by Mr Adams 
from a grave at Mapleton. Other Cayuga 
county clay pipes figured by ^Beauchamp 
are Algonkian in origin. By way of con- 
trast fig. 13 is presented as an example of a 
number of these, collected mainly by the 
writer from various Algonkian sites in 
Cayuga territory. 

In the collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, 
of Katonah, N. Y., are a number of Cayuga 
pipes of the usual types. One of these has 
a long brass mouthpiece fitted to a clay 
bowl and stem, a peculiarity that the 
writer has twice before noted in Cayuga 
pipes, there being an example with a 
pewter stem in the Douglas collection in the 
American Museum of Natural History, and 
another in private hands in Scipioville, 
N. Y. 

The writer has yet to see an effigy pipe 
of the blowing false-face type from anywhere 
in Cayuga territory, though this form occurs 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 



93 




Fig. 13. — Algonkian pipes from Cayuga county. 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



94 



IROQUOIS 

fairly abundantly on later Seneca sites, and 
sometimes on Onondaga sites of the colonial 




Fig. 14. — Coronet pipe of terracotta from Locke. (|.) 

epoch. They are probably an importation 
from the Neutral-Huron tribes of the 
western Iroquois group. 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

A square-topped, "coronet," pottery 
pipe, lacking the mouthpiece, found by the 
writer in an ash-bed in the prehistoric fort 
at Locke, is represented in fig. 14. In its 
present condition this specimen measures 
4^ in. in length around the curve, which is 
less abrupt than usual. The specimen is 
made of fine, apparently untempered clay, 
pinkish in color, mottled with black. The 




Fig. 15. — Fragment of a pipe-bowl from a grave at Great 
Gully. (Actual size.) 

type is one found in the Seneca country, 
thence westward into Canada, and, less 
frequently, eastward to Jefferson county. 

A neat Kttle pink-and-gray, mottled, 
terracotta pipe of the trumpet variety, in 
the IMuseum's collection, is shown in fig. 12; 
it was found in a grave at Venice Center, 
probably by IMr Adams. It is unusually 



95 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



96 


IROQUOIS 




small, although a portion of the tapering 
stem seems to be missing. The bowl is 
decorated with many finely etched bands, 
and the rim, which approaches the disc 
form, is notched along the edge. The speci- 
men measures about 4f in. around the curve, 
which is rather sharp. A fragment of the 
bowl of a still handsomer trumpet pipe is 
shown in fig. 15; it came from the earth in a 
sepulcher in Cemetery 2 on the Young 
farm. The same form of pipe, but gener- 
ally undecorated, occurs on prehistoric 
Cayuga sites. 

Fig. 16 represents a slender, graceful, 
terracotta pipe, the bowl of which is decor- 
ated with a variant of the Hne-and-dot 
pattern so widely distributed throughout 
the Iroquois territory, and in this rather 
delicate form seems commoner in the Ca- 
yuga and perhaps Onondaga areas than 
elsewhere. Among the western tribes it is 
heavier and shorter. The specimen illus- 
trated was found in a grave on the Young 
farm at Great Gully by the father of the 
present owner, and was presented to the 
Museum by ^Mr Ernest J. Young. It 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER — IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



S^^ 



a 




CHIPPED FLINT OBJECTS FROM CAYUGA SITES 
(Length of d, IJ in.) 



CAYUGA 


97 


measures 8 in. around the outside of the 
curve, and is made of uniformly gray clay. 
It bears on its bowl a slight deposit of 
rust from an iron object with which it lay 
in contact. 

The bowl of a pipe somewhat similar to 
the last is presented in fig. 17, a. This 

Fig. 16. — Terracotta pipe from a grave on Young farm, 
Great Gully. 

fragment was taken from the fill in grave 5, 
on the Young farm at Great Gully. The 
stem was not present, and had probably 
not been cast into the grave. It is of 
red-and-gray mottled clay. 

Another pipe-bowl, ornamented with a 
design somewhat similar to that of the pre- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





98 



IROQUOIS 

ceding, is illustrated in fig. 17, b; it was 
presented to the JMuseum by ]Mr Benjamin 





a b 

Fig. 17. — Terracotta pipe-bowls from Great Gully and 
Scipio\ille. (Actual size.) 

L. Watkins of Scipioville, who found it on 
his farm. It is made of mottled-gray clay. 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

Also presented by Mr Watkins is a disc- 
topped pipe with a human face, turned 
toward the user, on the rear of the bowl 
(fig. 18, a). The dull-gray color of the 




Fig. 18. — Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, from Scipioville; b, 
from Genoa. (E.xtreme diameter of a, If in.) 

pipe is accentuated by much weathering. 
The ears, which are modeled in bold relief, 
are pierced, as though for earrings. As is 
often the case with Cayuga pipes, the inner 



99 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



100 



IROQUOIS 

curve of the stem is ornamented with longi- 
tudinal lines and rows of dots. 

A portion of a gray-clay pipe, the bowl 
of which represents a raven with open beak, 
the mouth being the receptacle for tobacco, 
is represented in fig. IS, b. An interesting 
and unusual feature is that the eves are com- 




FiG. 19. — Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, with owl(?) effigy, 
from Union Springs; b, with bear effigy, from Fleming. 
(Diameter of a, If in.) 

posed of small leaden pellets, or large shot, 
set into the terracotta. This pipe was ob- 
tained by the writer from a site near Genoa. 
Fig. 19, a, shows a bowl broken from a 
black polished clay pipe of the western 
type, recorded as having been found at 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


101 


Union Springs. It represents an owl or an 
owl-man being, facing the smoker, as usual. 
The front of the bowl is ornamented with 
parallel rows of horizontal lines, over 
which is a surrounding vertical figure, ex- 
tending down to the curve of the stem be- 
neath the face. This figure may have been 
intended to represent a snake peering over 
the edge of the bowl, where a broken protu- 
berance seems to indicate the head. 

Fig. 19, b, represents the bowl of an 
animal-efhgy pipe of polished black pot- 
tery, also of the western type, taken from a 
grave on the Mead farm near Fleming, by 
Dr F. C. Smith of that village, who pre- 
sented it to the Museum. The orifice for 
tobacco is in the center of the back of the 
animal, which faces the stem. What mam- 
mal the maker intended to represent is 
problematical. If it was a bear, as the 
head suggests, it is odd that a long thin tail 
should be modeled on the front of the bowl. 

An unusually fine pipe, found by a Mr 
Helmar on the bank of the Barge canal near 
Montezuma, was obtained by purchase 
through Mr George Nichols of Cayuga 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





102 



IROQUOIS 

(fig. 20). As there is no known Iroquois 
site near by, the specimen may have been 
lost by some hunting or fishing party in the 
great Montezuma marshes. Unlike the 
other pipes figured herein, the clay of 
which this specimen is made was tempered 




Fig. 20. — Terracotta pipe with niche bowl, found near 
Montezuma. 

with an admixture of sharp sand, which is 
now visible as the polished surface has 
weathered away. The rear part of the bowl 
is designed to represent a niche or shield 
upon which are grouped four human faces, 
one in the apex of the niche, the other three 



INDIAN NOTES 




UJ -7- 



< S3 

^ I 

UJ n! 

^ 5 



CAYUGA 


103 


in a row across the base. The front of the 
bowl is ornamented with parallel rows of 
lines. Similar pipes have been reported 
from Jefferson county, and one found on 
the Putnam farm, near Watertown, will be 
described in another part of this paper. 
The Cayuga pipe measures 5^ in. around the 
curve, and is Hght-gray in color. 

Stonework 

Chipped-Stone Objects. — Outside of 
stone pipes, hammers, and celts, few imple- 
ments of stone were made by the Cayuga 
at any period. PL xv, a, d, represent two 
typical triangular arrowpoints, the former 
from the Locke fort, the latter from the 
much later site at Young's farm on Great 
Gully. These triangular arrowpoints and 
small oval or lanceolate flint knives, with 
flint scrapers (pi. xv, c, is from the Young 
farm site), and, during the historic period, 
gunflints of native make (pi. xv, b, is from 
a grave at Fleming), comprise nearly the 
entire list of Cayuga chipped flints. Curi- 
ously enough, chipped-stone objects of this 
nature are apparently more abundant on 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





104 


IROQUOIS 




sites of the historic than of the prehistoric 
period, in spite of the availabihty of metal 
tools and materials. 

The gunflints have often been called 
"gambling flints," but there seems to be no 
justification for this term. When found in 
graves they are nearly always in associa- 
tion with guns and gunsmiths' tools. 

Rude Stone Objects. — Net-sinkers of 
several types occur. PL xvi, b, represents 
a flat, notched pebble from Locke, similar 
to those found at Cato, Aurora, and on his- 
toric sites. PL XVI, d, shows another, 
rounder and chipped about the circumfer- 
ence; it is from the surface on the Young 
farm. This type of stone implement may 
not be a sinker. The writer found one, 
very similar to the example illustrated, set 
over the mouth of a pottery jar in an 
Andaste grave near Athens, Pa. 

PL XVI, a, represents a common pitted 
hammerstone from the Great Gully site, 
and c a polished quartzite muller, or corn 
grinder, nearly as well made as some of the 
better class of discoidal stones from the 
South. It was found in or near Scipioville. 




INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


105 


Polished Stone Objects. — PL xvii rep- 
resents a series of celts, the ordinary Iro- 
quois hatchets; a, d, and e, are from Locke, 
and b, c, from the Young farm at Great Gully, 
showing that these stone-age tools survived 
by some time the invasion of the whites and 
the advent of trade axes, being not uncom- 
mon during the Jesuit period, at least. 

PI. XVII, a, illustrates a celt from Locke, 
degraded by use as a hammerstone, the 
edge having been entirely battered away. 

Several tiny celt-like objects of slate were 
found at Locke, which the writer supposes 
to be pottery gravers. The soft material of 
which they are made precludes their use for 
cutting such resistant materials as wood, 
bone, and stone. They are not at all 
uncommon ir the Locke ash-beds. 

Pipes. — Certain archeologists, especially 
Parker, ^° have asserted that Iroquois stone 
pipes are totally different in type from 
those of clay, a statement with which the 
writer agrees in part. It is true, indeed, 
that the common bowl pipes, that is, pipes 
whose stems do not form a permanent part 
thereof, but require the insertion of a stem of 


• 


AND MONOGRAPHS 





106 


IROQUOIS 




wood or of reed, seldom have any counterpart 
in clay, but during the colonial period, at 
least, nearly all the clay forms were imi- 
tated in stone. In the collection of the 
Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
Foundation, are examples of the square- 
topped "coronet" form, the blowing false- 
face, the pipe with the niche containing a 
human figure at the rear of the bowl, and 
several other varieties in both clay and 
stone. The writer has also seen one stone 
example of the common line-and-dot pipe, 
from a Canadian Neutral grave at St 
Davids, near Niagara Falls. The state- 
ment mentioned above cannot therefore be 
accepted in its entirety. It does appear, 
however, that as a rule monolithic stemmed 
stone pipes, at least so far as effigy forms are 
concerned, were made by the Iroquois at a 
later period than those of the same pattern 
in clay. 

Difficult as was the task of making, and 
especially of boring, the stems of these pipes, 
some plain forms are unquestionably pre- 
historic. One of these, from a pre-Colum- 




INDIAN NOTES 




"^ t 



o 



J 




CAYUGA 


107 


bian Onondaga site in Jefferson county, 
is illustrated elsewhere in this paper (pi. 
xxxvn, b). 

Both stemmed and stemless stone pipes 
occur, though sparingly, in the Cayuga 
country, but none of the latter form are 
represented in the collections of this Mu- 
seum. There are several in the coUec- 

FiG. 21. — Stone pipe with carved face, found on site near 
. Montezuma. 

tion of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, of Katonah, 
N. Y., and others are in private hands in 
Cayuga county. 

A beautiful little pipe of orange-and- 
black mottled stone, with a well-carved 
human face on the front of the bowl, away 
from the user, is shown in fig. 21. In 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





108 



IROQUOIS 

length, outside the curve of the stem, this 
specimen measures 5 in. It was obtained 
through ;Mr George Nichols, of Cayuga, 
from ]\Ir Helmar of IMontezuma, who 
found it near where he obtained the pipe 
shown in fig. 22. This type with the face 




Fig. 22. — Stone pipe with efEg>' facing smoker, from near 
Owasco lake. 

in front is not common, and is generally 
considered later than those with the face 
turned backward, on what grounds the 
writer cannot say. 

The pipe figured in fig. 22, which meas- 
ures 7^ in. over the outside of the curve, 



INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 




STONE BEADS AND PENDANTS FROM CAYUGA SITES 
(Length of c, U in.) 



CAYUGA 


109 


is made of compact, close-grained stone, 
perhaps steatite, of uniform gray. On the 
rear of the bowl is a well-modeled human 
face in high relief, flanked by two elongate, 
comma-like slots. This excellent example 
of Cayuga handicraft was found near 
Owasco lake, and was presented to the 
Museum by Mr E. H. Gohl, of Auburn, 
who has many pipes from Cayuga county 
in his large collection. 

Pipes of earthenware have already been 
referred to. 

Charms and Beads. — Small stone masks 
and heads are sometimes' found in many 
parts of the Iroquois country, both in New 
York and in Canada, and the Cayuga sites 
are no exception to the rule. A pretty 
little carving, representing a man's full face, 
was found by Mr E. J. Young on the Great 
Gully site, and fig. 23, a, represents another, 
not so well done, found at Scipioville by 
Mr Benjamin L. Watkins, who kindly pre- 
sented it to the Museum. The material is 
red shale. It is interesting to note that 
the maker placed the eyes above the eye- 
brows, and that the mouth is double. Pos- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





no 



IROQUOIS 

sibly the candng represents some mythical 
character. 

A small, neatly carved, stone pendant 
(fig. 23, b) from near Mapleton was pre- 
sented by ]\Ir Ralph Theurer of Auburn. 
It is perforated laterally for suspension, 





Fig. 23. — Stone maskettes from Scipioville and from near 
Mapleton. (Height of a, 2^ in.) 

and resembles several others seen by the 
writer from Oaklands and Scipioville. The 
material is a red shale resembling catlinite. 
Four carved catlinite beads are repre- 
sented in fig. 24, being part of a lot of thir- 
teen found by the writer in grave 1 on the 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

Young farm at Great Gully. These beads, 
with one exception, are notched at the edges, 
and, in the case of c, slightly etched 
on the flat surfaces. The other beads are 
mostly long and narrow; the longest is 2j 
in. by ^ in., and is rectangular in cross- 





FiG. 24. — Catlinite beads from a grave at Great Gully. 
(Length of b, nearly 2 in.) 

section, but plain. They were, of course, 
made with metal tools. 

A typical series of red shale and catlinite 
beads from Scipioville is shown in pi. xviii, 
a, d, g, i, presented by Mr B. L. Watkins. 
The first of these {i) was perforated through 



111 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



112 




Fig. 25. — Quatrefoil 
stone ornament from 
Fleming. (Actual 
size.) 



IROQUOIS 



the edges, but a piece has 
scaled off, showing the 
drilhng; g is also perfor- 
ated laterally, as well as 
centrally, but is entire. 
In material and concept 
these closely resemble a 
specimen 



found by the writer on the 
surface of the shell-heap on 
the south bank of Spuyten 
Duyvil creek, IManhattan 
Island, New York City. 

PI. XVIII, c, e, represent 
two more odd forms, both 
of shale, from the same site 
and donor; a and j, of catlin- 
ite, were obtained l^y the 
writer at Genoa, not far 
away. Of these, b seems to 
be a pendant carved to re- 
semble an ear of corn. 

A small, gray slate orna- 
ment, or charm, quatrefoil 
in shape, found by the 
writer in an ash-heap on the 



L. 



Fig. 26.— Tubular 
shell bead from a 
grave, Great Gully. 
(Actual size.) 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 


113 


Mead farm at Fleming or Mapleton, is 
shown in fig. 25. Two natural concretions 
used as beads, which he found in ash-beds 
on the prehistoric fort site at x\urora, are 
shown in pi. xviii, h, f. 

Shell Articles 

In his work on "Wampum and Shell 
Articles," Beauchamp presents an ac- 
count of the shell runtees of New York, in 




a b 

Fig. 27. — Shell beads: a, from Scipio\'ille; b, from Venice 
Center. (Actual size.) 

which he refers to several from Cayuga 
county, and figures one similar to the speci- 
mens here described. Like examples were 
found by Messrs Heye and Pepper in the 
Munsee cemetery at Montague, New 
Jersey.^' There is no good reason to doubt 
that these runtees are native in origin. 


AND MONOGRAPHS 





114 



il 



IROQUOIS 

Wampum beads, both purple and white, 
are commonly found in historic Cayuga 
graves, and often in quantities. Mr W. W. 
Adams records finding as many as five 
thousand on one decomposed belt. The 
writer found them at Great 
Gully, \'enice Center, and 
Mapleton. 

Long, tubular, shell beads 
were found in grave 7 at 
Great Gully (fig. 26) and wam- 
pum in grave 2. A heavy 
shell bead (fig. 27, a) was 
presented by Mr Watkins, of 
Scipioville, and many discoid 
shell beads are reported from 
various sites. Fig. 27, b, 

Fig. 28.— Shell ^ r ^i, r 

pendant or duck represents one of these from 

bead, from Flem- j- . u j i. a^ • 

ing. (Actual ^ disturbed grave at Venice 
''''■^ Center. 

A carved shell bead, or pendant, of 
duck form, from a grave near Fleming, 
probably on the old Mead farm, is illus- 
trated in fig. 28. As all these are typical 
of historic Iroquois sites in other parts 



INDIAN NOTES 



CAYUGA 

of New York, they require no further 
description here. 

One of the seven shell runtees, about 1| 
in. in diameter, found with some tubular 
shell beads in grave 7, is shown in figure 29; 
they are from the Young farm at Great 




Fig. 29. — Shell runtee from a necklace found at Great 
Gully. (Actual size.) 



Gully. The ornaments lay side by side 
(each has double lateral perforations), 
with the tubular beads at each end, just as 
the necklace composed of them was deposited 
at the feet of the skeleton (fig. 30). They 
are all adorned with an incised, star-like de- 



115 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



116 










IROQUOIS 

sign. Runtees of this type 
occur on many historic Iro- 
quois sites. 

Trade Articles 

An abundance of trade arti- 
cles (pi. xix) have been found 
at all historic Cayuga sites, but 
all the forms are so well known 
as to need scarcely more than 
enumeration. They include 
great numbers of iron axes of 
the usual colonial type, iron 
hide-scrapers, jew's-harps, 
swords, guns, scissors, bullet- 
molds, knives, brass and copper 
kettles of various sizes, pewter 
and china dishes, glass beads 
of numerous kinds, haw^k-bells, 
Jesuit rings (fig. 31), and cruci- 
fixes, brass fishhooks (pi. xix, 
h), and many articles made by 
the Indians themselves from 
Fic. 30. — Bead scrap brass. In 

necklace as found , , 

in a child's grave pi. XIX, a, e, J, g, 
at Great Gully. . , j 

(Length, 151 in.) IS presented a 



INDIAN NOTES 



C A Y U G x\ 

series of trade-metal arrow-heads from 
Great Gully and Fleming, and h shows a 
brass mat-needle with a central perforation, 
from Great Gully. A rolled brass jingler 
is illustrated in d of the same plate; it is 
similar in form to the rolled conical 
arrowhead shown in a. 




Fig. 31. — Jesuit rings from Caj'Uga sites. (About f.) 

In the collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis 
there is a round, double, convex brass 
rattle, ornamented with a simple design in 
dots or perforations; it was taken from a 
Cayuga grave. 



117 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



118 




III.— ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES 

IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, 

NEW YORK 

INTRODUCTION 

EFFERSON COUNTY, New York, 
has long been recognized by 
archeologists as one of the early 
seats of the Onondaga, whose 
territory, with that of the Oneida and the 
Mohawk, was the scene of the highly indi- 
vidualized culture formerly regarded as 
characteristically Iroquois, but now known 
rather as a phase, albeit an extreme one, of 
the general Iroquois culture. 

Here are more sites of former occupancy 
on formidable hilltops than in any other 
region; here earthen walls and traces of 
log stockades abound. Nowhere else in the 
Iroquois country did pottery forms and 
efifigy pipes attain such a high degree of 
development, and in no other part of the 
Iroquois area are bone and antler objects so 



INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 




I 




f 



9 



TRADE ARTICLES FROM CAYUGA SITES 
(Length of A, 5 f in.) 



SKINNER— IFl 




SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



PL. XX 




MAP OF THE PUTNAM SITE, BLACK RIVER. JEFFERSON COUNTY 
After a drawing by Reginald Pelhara Bolton, Esq. 



ONONDAGA 


119 


abundant, and artifacts of chipped stone 
correspondingly rare. Moreover, there are 
no great historic sites in the country — 
everything is prehistoric if we except occa- 
sional European objects that have been 
found on a few sites. 

The historic seats of the Onondaga lie 
farther south, chiefly in the county that 
bears their name, and these, moreover, 
while having much in common with their 
forerunners in Jefferson county, yield many 
artifacts of a different nature, attributable 
to a western Iroquois origin. 

As it was from one of the eastern Iroquois 
people, the Mohawk, that the Indians 
about greater New York and the lower 
Hudson derived their later cultural impetus, 
it was believed to be of especial interest to 
send an expedition into the general region 
to explore such ancient sites as yet re- 
mained. 

Accordingly, in July and August, 1919, the 
writer, accompanied by Rev. Dr William R. 
Blackie and his son, WiUiam R. Blackie Jr, 
as volunteer assistants, located and exca- 
vated the site described in this section. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





120 



IROQUOIS 

Especial thanks are due to Mr and Mrs L. 
H. Putnam, who not only gave permission 
to the party to excavate on their property, 
but rendered valuable assistance in many 
ways, and presented to the Museum their 
own choice collection. Mr William A. 
Moore of New Rochelle, and Mr Carl E. 
Dorr of Syracuse, both extended their hos- 
pitality and aid, and it is due to them that 
much of the success of the work was made 
possible. Dr W. M. Beauchamp, dean of 
New York archeologists, although in his 
ninety-first year, honored the party by a 
visit and an inspection of the work through 
several days. 

It is disheartening to be obliged to state 
that, with all the exploration and collecting 
done in Jefferson county, no attempt has 
been made to record any data respecting 
the occurrence of material found, nor to 
describe the sites and their attendant phe- 
nomena, since the brief sketches published 
by Squier^- and Hough. ^^ Many sites in 
Jefferson county have been listed by 
Beauchamp, ^^ but no account of the Put- 
nam site has hitherto been recorded. 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



121 



PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA SITE IN 
BLACK RIVER VILLAGE 

On Pearl Street road, two miles east of 
Watertown, in the township of LeRoy and 
the village of Black River, on the farm of 
Mr L. H. Putnam, is a prehistoric Onon- 
daga village-site. Crossing the Putnam 
farm half a mile north or northwest of 
Black river, is a long, low, sandy ridge 
which overlies the limestone rock, and here 
ancient ash-beds, scattered over an area of 
ten acres, are proof of former Indian occu- 
pancy (pi . xx). To the westward a quarter 
of a mile, beyond a low gap in the ridge, is 
the site of a small camp, the debris of which 
sparsely covers several knolls, perhaps four 
acres in extent, with artifacts indicating 
identity in material culture with those of the 
great village. Distributed over this second 
group of knolls, and thence westward, are 
sparse traces of an earlier people, notched 
flint points, large stemmed knives or spears, 
numerous flint or quartz chips, and crumb- 
Hng, ill-made pottery, attesting the pres- 
ence of a previous roving Algonkian com- 
munity. . A single stemmed flint arrow- 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



122 



IROQUOIS 

point found on the great site was no doubt 
lying there when the first Onondaga pioneer 
set foot on the ridge. 

The majority of the Iroquois sites in this 
vicinity are on high hilltops, and several, 
not more than a mile or two distant, across 
Black river to the south, overlook the Put- 
nam farm from the summit of the Rutland 
hills. Two other lowland sites are near, 
one a mile and a half away, in the heart of 
the village of Calcium (once called Sanford's 
Corners), the other perhaps two and a half 
miles eastward, on the Rodney Whitney 
farm on Rabbit street, in Black River. 
The latter was once fortified by an earth- 
work. No signs of fortifications have been 
found on the Putnam farm. The defence, 
if any, must have been a single log stockade. 

Owing to the unusual low situation of the 
former village, so close to the river-bottom, 
the Putnam site had not been detected by 
curiosity seekers, notwithstanding the fact 
that near-by Watertown is the abode of 
many industrious collectors; indeed, out of 
nearly twenty-five Iroquois sites examined 
in this county, that on the Putnam place 



INDIAN NOTES 




DC 


^ 


y. 


.2 


o 
< 





— c 



ONONDAGA 


123 


alone seemed to have suffered compara- 
tively little from looters, all the others 
having been ransacked for the attractive 
effigy pipes, bone implements, and pot- 
sherds characteristic of the region. The 
site under consideration has not altogether 
lacked attention, for many fine specimens 
have been carried away to be lost or de- 
stroyed; yet, with the exception of some 
digging by Mr and Mrs Putnam, who 
kindly presented to the Museum the re- 
sult of their efforts, no systematic excava- 
tion had been done before the arrival of our 
party. 

OCCURRENCE OF ARTIFACTS 

The artifacts recovered from the Putnam 
site were found in beds of black charcoal 
and gray wood ashes, irregularly oval in 
shape and varying in length from four to 
forty feet. No deep beds were encoun- 
tered, three inches to a foot being the ex- 
treme and six inches the average depth. 
In consequence of this, the objects concealed 
in the earth were frequently broken or 
brought to the surface by plowing; hence 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





124 



IROQUOIS 

many have been carried away by collectors. 
It was only in the hillside dumps, in the 
pastures along the edge of the ridge over- 
looking the springs which are the head of 
Ostrander's creek, that undisturbed ash- 
beds were found. IMost specimens were 
obtained in the black charcoal layer near 
the surface, often among the grass roots. 
Not many were found in the white or red 
ash which invariably lay beneath. Few 
genuine pits, such as are a feature of Iro- 
quois sites elsewhere, and of New York 
coastal Algonkian sites, were discovered; 
those encountered seem to have been either 
natural depressions or old stump-holes filled 
with ashes, the lack of aboriginal objects 
and the decaying roots of former forest 
trees betraying their origin. Two pits 
that may have been due to human agency 
were found, but this is by no means certain. 
It is impossible to say exactly how many 
ash-beds occurred on the site, as some were 
hidden under growing crops, but probably 
there were as many as thirty or thirty -five. 
Twenty-five of these beds were carefully 
examined by the Museum's party, the ashes 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 


125 


being troweled and often screened, with 
gratifying results. 

No cemetery was discovered, although 
diligent search was made. It may be miles 
away, or the bones of the dead from this 
once populous village may repose in some 
communal grave with the erstwhile inhab- 
itants of several villages. A number of 
such ossuaries were found in the Rutland 
hills in former years. , 

Bone and Antler Objects 

For all ordinary small weapons and other 
implements, the Iroquois, whether Huron, 
Neutral, Seneca, Onondaga, or iMohawk, 
preferred bone and antler to stone; and 
indeed in Jefferson county, perhaps more 
than in any other portion of their ancient 
seat, they used these materials almost to 
the exclusion of stone. This fact has long 
been known to archeologists, and Beau- 
champ has particularly commented on it.^^ 
On the Algonkian sites examined by the 
writer in Jefferson count}^ including the 
pre-Iroquois camps on the Putnam farm and 
in adjacent fields, there is an abundance of 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





126 


IROQUOIS 




large, dark flint, white quartz, and jasper 
flakes and implements, hence it was evi- 
dently not beyond the power of the ancient 
Onondaga to procure suitable stone for 
knives and arrows. Yet all the notable Iro- 
quois collections from the county tell the 
same story — stone was used sparingly for 
artifacts. The efforts of the Museum's party 
and the previous digging of the Putnams 
on the site under discussion brought to light 
only four triangular points of black flint, 
whereas an Algonkian site of equal size 
would have yielded hundreds. Arrows of 
any kind indeed were not abundant, yet 
of the three hundred whole and broken 
implements of bone and antler recovered 
from the ash-beds, seventeen were pro- 
jectile points. 

Awls. — The most common implements of 
bone found on the Putnam site, as on most 
sites in the Iroquois domain, were bone awls 
(pi. xxi), of which seventy-seven entire 
specimens were found. So well known are 
these implements that detailed description 
is unnecessary. It may be mentioned, how- 
ever, that the awls from the Putnam ash- 




INDIAN NOTES 




LLl *^ 

■^ to 
< o 



ONONDAGA 


127 


beds are well made and highly polished, the 
"sliver awls" of the New York coastal 
Algonkian type being almost unknown. 
Many were cut from large bones by longi- 
tudinal grooving with a stone knife (pi. 
XXI, a); they also sometimes exhibit the 
striae caused by dressing them to a point 
with stone scrapers. Very few have the 
natural joints left as handles; some are so 
dull as to suggest their use as punches, 
rather than as awls; and many were prob- 
ably used as forks for taking food from 
kettles. Occasionally the delicate, long, 
hollow bones of birds, or the penis-bone of 
the raccoon, were used as awls. One of 
these is illustrated in pi. xxi, b, exhibiting the 
characteristic curve of the bone from which 
it is made. 

Pottery Tools of Bone. — Next to bone 
awls, in point of number, are crude, flat, 
usually lanceolate bone objects, from four 
to six inches in length, which seem to have 
been used as potter's tools for shaping and 
smoothing the sides of vessels before firing. 
Of the forty-one specimens found, pi. xxii, 
d-i, show a fair series. Most are made of 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





128 



IROQUOIS 

splinters of bone worn into shape by con- 
stant usage; only a few seem to have been 
intentionally fashioned. Some have curv- 
ing sides, as though to adapt them to the 
form of the vessels on which they were 
used; a few bear incised decoration on their 
flat surfaces. The writer does not recall 
similar implements from other Iroquois 
sites, although such may occur. 

Arrowpoints. — As pointed out in one of the 
preceding paragraphs, arrowheads of bone 
and antler preponderate over those of stone 
from the Putnam site, seventeen having 
been found to six of black flint. Some of 
the bone points (pi. xxiii, h-e), which vary 
in length from 2 in, to 4 in., are in the shape 
of an elongate triangle, ground flat on one 
side, the other side remaining convex after 
the natural curve of the bone (pi. xxiii, 
d, e), the marrow channel being left open and 
somewhat cleared of its filling of cellular 
bone for the reception of the shaft. Some 
(c-e) are shghtly indented at the butt; 
others have a round socket and resemble 
some forms of points made of native copper 
(pi. XXIII, d). 



INDIAN NOTES 




o 
.o 

•^ Ll. 



ONONDAGA 


129 


The antler points (pi. xxiii, h, /, g, h) are 
primarily prongs of buckhorn, sawed off 
with a stone knife and hollowed at the base 
for attachment. They were either scraped 
to a slenderer girth than that of the original 
tine, or were fashioned into a flat-sided 
form approximating a diamond-shape cross- 
section. Such arrow-tips seem less common 
among the western Iroquois, who were well 
suppHed with tiny, triangular forms of 
flint, but were known to the New York 
coastal Algonkians. In evidence of the 
prevalence of flint triangles on a Seneca 
site, it may be said that 1187 were found 
at Richmond Mills, N. Y., in contrast with 
only six bone tips. 

Needles. — Needles of bone, of a narrow, 
lanceolate type, pointed at the ends and 
perforated in the middle, were found at the 
Putnam site, but they were uncommon, only 
three having been obtained. All of these 
were broken, as usual, at the eye, but an 
example from the Getman collection, prob- 
ably found in an ash-bed of the site at St 
Lawrence, N. Y., is shown in pi. xxiv, g; 
it resembles the modern bone snowshoe 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





130 



IROQUOIS 

needles of the jNIiddle Western and North- 
ern tribes. The use of such needles 
seems quite general among the Iroquois, 
and was known also to the tide-water 






Fig. 32. — Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black 
River, Jefferson county. (Length of a, 2| in.) 

Algonkians, at least during the period of 
Iroquois influence. 

Animal Teeth. — Worked teeth of mam- 
mals, split lengthwise and ground flat on 
the broken surface, were found to the num- 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



131 



ber of fifteen. Of the five recovered, four 
were canine teeth of the black bear, and 
one of the beaver. Possibly they were for 
smoothing pottery. 





Fig. 33. — Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black 
River, Jefferson county. (Length of a, 2f in.) 

Engraved Objects. — Seventeen bone tools of 
various kinds, with flat surfaces, were found 
to have been engraved with various pat- 
terns, as shown in the representative series 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



132 



>, 



■//\ 



/, 



Fig. 34. — Engraved 
tube from Rutland 
hills, Jefferson 
county. (Height, 1\ 
in.) 



IROQUOIS 



illustrated in figs. 32, ZZ, 
and pi. XXV. The designs 
vary from groups of lines, 
possibly intended as counts 
or tallies, to neatly execu- 
ted chevron figures, similar 
to those found on the local 
pottery. Most of the en- 
graved bones have had 
pigment of some kind, 
probably soot, rubbed into 
the incisions. Engraved 
bone implements other 
than beads, tubes, and 
combs, are not common 
outside of Mohawk-Onon- 
daga territory, but such 
are abundant in the Mu- 
seum's collection from 
Neutral sites in Canada 
and Cayuga sites in New 
York. The writer has 
found some objects of this 
class on Manhattan Island, 
an Algonkian area under 
Mohawk domination. 



INDIAN NOTES 





- t-J 



ONONDAGA 


133 


The most remarkable specimen of en- 
graved bone obtained by the expedition is 
the cylinder shown in fig. 34, which was 
plowed from a site in the Rutland hills. 
The material seems to be part of a human 
femur and the object measures 7| in. in 
length. The design consists partly of a 
linked diamond figure. Nothing quite 
similar to this remarkable artifact from 
Iroquois territory has yet been brought to 
the attention of the writer. 

Harpoons. — A bilateral bone harpoon, 
provided with three barbs, was found by Mr 
Putnam, who presented it to the Museum. 
The shank is pointed and highly poHshed, 
while a longitudinal slot has been grooved 
through the implement near the base, sug- 
gesting that the harpoon may have been 
loosely attached to a socketed shaft by 
means of a thong and toggle. This little 
implement, which is 3^ in. in length, is 
shown in pi. xxiv, h, while d represents a 
somewhat similar but double-ended ex- 
ample, lacking the perforation, from the St 
Lawrence site. No doubt such bi-pointed 
harpoons as this latter were fitted into a 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





134 


IROQUOIS 




socket in the shaft, and, if the striking end 
became dulled, were quickly reversed. 
Such implements are fairly common in 
Jefferson count}^, but not elsewhere within 
the Iroquois range. 

PI. XXIV, /, illustrates a bilaterally barbed 
harpoon from one of the sites in the Rut- 
land hills. Later central Iroquois har- 
poons, at least, tend to be unilateral, single- 
barbed, and are thicker and far heavier 
than this specimen; they are also more 
likely to be of antler. Among the Algon- 
kian tribes which inhabited the interior of 
New York state, bone harpoons, both bi- 
lateral and unilateral, were in frequent use, 
whereas on the seacoast, where the pres- 
ence of such implements in numbers would 
be expected, they are almost unknown. One 
specimen, evidently suggested by the uni- 
lateral single-barbed form, in use among the 
Iroquois, was found by the writer on Man- 
hattan Island. 

Beads. — A single bead, made of a section 
of hollow, cylindrical bone, sawed off at 
both ends and polished, was found at the 
Putnam sitie, but fragments of one or two 




INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



other beads of this kind were unearthed, 
and several knuckle-ends of hollow bones, 
sawed off in bead-making, were gathered. 
Generally bone beads are far more abun- 
dant on Iroquois sites. In prehistoric Onon- 




FiG. 35.— Perforated 
phalangeal bone, from 
Jefferson county. (Actu- 
al size.) 




Fig. 36. — Rubbed pha- 
langeal bone from Jeffer- 
son county. (Actual size.) 



daga territory disc beads of steatite seem 
to have been the favored kind. 

Jinglers. — Four phalangeal bones of deer 
cut off at the proximal end and perforated 



135 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



136 



IROQUOIS 

at the distal end as though for suspension, 
were gathered from the ash-beds. One of 
these is shown in fig. 35, and with it another 
phalanx rubbed flat on the opposing faces 
(fig. 36), taken from a site in Rutland 
hills, not far away. These phalangeal bones 
may have been units of the cup-and-pin 
game, but on the other hand in modern 
times they are used by the Iroquois as 
jinglers, and for this purpose vie in popu- 
larity with the horny part of the deer's 
hoof, especially for knee- and ankle-rattles. 
The Iroquois have always been fond of such 
devices, as is shown by their liking for 
conical metal jinglers in colonial times. 
The ground deer's phalanx, shown in fig. 36, 
is of no known use, unless it served as a die 
in some gambling game. While generally 
abundant throughout Jefferson county, no 
ground phalangeal bones were found at the 
Putnam site. 

Miscellaneous Objects. — A few artifacts of 
bone found at near-by Jefferson county sites, 
but for the greater part not on the Putnam 
farm are shown in pi. xxiv. 



INDIAN NOTES 



s 





^> 







Ow -3 

CCCC Ml 
li-uj a 




ONONDAGA 


137 


PL XXIV, h, i, show two broken objects 
of unusual types from a site in St Lawrence. 
Such problematical forms have occurred 
sparingly on Onondaga sites. Arrow-like 
implements, cut from flat bone, from sites 
in the Rutland hills, are figured in the same 
plate, a, c. A large, flat, needle-Hke tool, 
with three basal perforations, from the 
Putnam farm, is shown in j, while a barbed 
bone fishhook found by Dr Getman at St 
Lawrence is shown in e. This hook is one 
of the finest specimens of its kind known, 
and is figured and described by Beauchamp 
in his paper on "Bone Articles of the New 
York Aborigines."^® Although the more 
common, barbless form was used by the 
Algonkians of the interior in New York, 
curiously enough bone fishhooks are as lit- 
tle known on the coast as are the harpoons. 
One was found in a shell-pit at Clasons 
Point, New York City, by the writer.^ '^ 

PI. xxin, a, represents a gorget made 
from a circular piece cut from a human 
skull. This ornament, which was found by 
Dr Getman at St Lawrence, is highly pol- 
ished and possesses, even in its present 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





138 



IROQUOIS 

fragmentary condition, six perforations, one 
of which is considerably worn, perhaps by 
the friction of the string by which it was 
suspended. There are traces of a rude, 
incised, zigzag decoration on the smooth, 
convex surface, but the venation has been 
worn or ground away from the inner, con- 
cave side. No doubt such gorgets were 
valued war trophies. PL xxiii, i, illus- 
trates an unfinished example, from the 
Rutland hills, which has merely been 
shaped, not smoothed or bored. The 
skull gorgets are more abundant on eastern 
Iroquois sites than elsewhere, and are 
especially common in Jefferson county, 
though none were encountered on the Put- 
nam farm. They seem never to have been 
used by any of the Algonkians. 

Two hock-bones of deer, the ends show- 
ing wear which may have been caused by 
their use as fiiiit- working tools, are shown 
in pi. XXII, b, c. The natural shape of these 
bones adapts them admirably for this pur- 
pose, yet it should be borne in mind that 
nearly all bone tools were susceptible of 
numerous uses at the will or the necessity 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 


139 


of the native owner, and that our classi- 
fication is necessarily arbitrary. 

Antler Objects . — Two blunt, wedge-shape 
objects, made of antler tines ground at the 
tips, were obtained. Their use is problem- 
atical, unless it may have been as pottery 
gravers. PI. xxii, a, represents an antler 
prong, interesting because of three small, 
conical holes bored partly through one side, 
near the base, and j of the same plate 
shows a prong sharpened at the front by 
grinding into longitudinal facets. The tine 
has been whittled and split away until it is 
flat on one side, and a perforation has been 
made near the end. The form is reminis- 
cent of the hafting of certain gaff-hooks 
among t,he Copper Eskimo of today, col- 
lected by ]\Ir Cadzow, of the Museum of 
the American Indian, Heye Foundation. ^^ 
The implement, which is unusual in shape, 
is possibly a dagger or a pike-head, yet it 
may have served as a punch. It was found 
in the Rutland hills. Pike-heads made of 
hollowed deer-antler and fastened to a 
wooden shaft by means of a bone or an 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





140 


IROQUOIS 




antler pin, have been re- 




J^ ported from Seneca sites; 




P^t they are, however, rare. 




plJl Fig. 37 shows an 




Bitffl antler-tip hollowed out 




BI^H ^^^ ^ measure, perhaps 




B^^ffl for medicines, and per- 




Ri'j^l forated for suspension, 




f ' IH ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ '^^ ^^^ Rutland 




1 H ^^^^^' Similar objects are 




1 I 'M still used among the 




1 fffl Central Algonkian and 




1 1 H Southern Siouan tribes 




f • : m as medicine or powder 




■ H measures. 




1 IJI Summary. — A sum- 




1 ■ S| mary of the types of 




1 l' Hi bone and antler articles 




m- ^ H found at the Putnam 




f ' H ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ interest. 




1 1 ^ The specimens include 




i i: : ^^p seventy-seven entire awls 




^fiH^K^P of the usual types, and one 




Fig. 37. — Antler i^ade of the penis-bone 




measure, from Jeaerson £ raCCOOn; eighteen 

county. (Actual size.) ' ^^ 




decorated bone tools of 




INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 




PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA POTTERY JAR FROM THERESA. 
JEFFERSON COUNTY 

(Height, 10| in.) 



ONONDAGA 


141 


all varieties; seventeen bone or antler arrow- 
points; ten beads, jinglers, etc.; forty-one 
pottery tools; three perforated needles; 
fifteen worked animal teeth; one harpoon; 
eight miscellaneous articles; and one hun- 
dred and twenty broken and indeterminate 
objects, probably mostly awls — three hun- 
dred specimens in all. Of course local col- 
lectors have carried off numerous artifacts, 
and others have been broken and destroyed 
by plowing. 

Although Jefferson county is a locahty 
where simple combs with few teeth, of pre- 
historic Iroquois type, are to be expected, 
none were obtained at the Putnam site, nor 
are there any in the Museum's collection. 
They are not at all abundant, and indeed 
need scarcely be looked for in numbers from 
refuse-heaps and ash-beds. 

Pottery 

The pottery vessels of the Onondaga of 
Jefferson county have been preeminent 
among Iroquois earthenware. With the 
jars of the Oneida and the Mohawk, those 
of the St Lawrence in Canada and the 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





142 



IROQUOIS 

western \'ermont region, they form an east- 
ern group as compared with those of the 
central and western Iroquois — the Cayuga, 
Seneca, Erie, Neutral, Wenro, Andaste, and 
perhaps the Huron and the Tionontati. 

Typical eastern Iroquois jars from Jef- 
ferson county are represented in pis. xxvi, 
XXVII. They possess the distinctive rounded 
bottom, constricted neck, and heavy, over- 
hanging, ornamented collar. While it is not 
our immediate purpose to consider the sub- 
ject in detail, the outlines given in fig. 1, 
from entire specimens or fragments in the 
Museum's collection, will afford an idea of 
several leading forms. 

For the contrasting forms of vessels of the 
central and western Iroquois the reader is 
referred to pi. i-iv, which show outhnes 
of jars in the Museum's collection. The 
western pots are short, round, and squat, 
often with a narrow, notched rim, although 
forms approaching the eastern group are 
sometimes found, especially on earlier sites. 

In common with all Iroquois sites in the 
adjacent region, the Putnam farm yielded a 
very large number of sherds. Every ash- 



INDIAN NOTES 



SKINNER — IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY 



PL. XXVII 




PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA POTTERY JAR FROM THERESA. 
JEFFERSON COUNTY 

(Height. 8 in.) 



ONONDAGA 


143 


bed teemed with fragments; during the 
month which the Museum's party devoted 
to the investigation, probably as many as 
five bushels were unearthed. Hundreds 
of decorated pieces had been found and 
carried away by previous collectors. ]Mr 
Putnam himself at one time had a grain- 
sack full of choice rim-sherds which he 
gave away. 

Indeed, so abundant were the earthen 
vessels that it is apparent that the natives 
of this village at the Putnam site never 
took the pains to mend cracked vessels by 
boring holes at opposite sides of the frac- 
ture and lacing them together with thongs, 
a practice followed by the Algonkians 
everywhere in the state. At any rate, 
among the many thousands of sherds recov- 
ered, not a single bored specimen was 
found. 

It is also notable that seldom were any 
number of pieces of the same jar collected. 
Even in undisturbed ash-beds, it was the 
exception to find many pieces that fitted. 
As a typical example, of hundreds of rim- 
sherds found in the course of one after- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





144 


IROQUOIS 




noon's digging in an untouched hillside 
dump, not more than a dozen could be pieced 
together, and these represented several 
different jars. This postulates an immense 
quantity of pottery in constant use among 
the inhabitants, and suggests that, after 
breakage, the fragments presumably lay 
about the lodge, being played with and in 
part destroyed or lost by children, and that 
ultimately such as remained found their 
way to various middens — seldom all to the 
same one. Whole jars are rarely found in 
Jefferson county. On breaking new land 
Mr Putnam once plowed out all the pieces 
of a vessel that had been abandoned, bottom 
up, in an ash-bed, but which still covered 
animal bones. This discovery aroused his 
interest, but, as he was unable to obtain 
advice or help from any local collector, the 
jar lay on the surface until it disintegrated. 
The number of receptacles represented by 
the thousands of sherds unearthed is im- 
possible to determine, but doubtless they 
formed parts of several hundred vessels. 

In color the earthenware from the Put- 
nam site, like all the specimens from Jef- 




INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 


145 


ferson county, ranges from bright yellowish- 
red to black. No sizing material was used, 
and the only traces of painting were some 
broad parallel bands of black found on a 
few potsherds of a single vessel. For tem- 
pering the clay of which the utensils were 
made, burnt and granulated stone was 
used. No examples of shell-tempering 
were found, and there are none in the 
Museum's collection from Jefferson county. 
Judging by the fragments, the coil process 
was commonly in vogue. 

An entire pottery jar, found in a crevice 
in the rock talus near the bank of Indian 
river, in the village of Theresa, Jefferson 
county, is represented in pi. xxvi. It was 
found by Mr Arthur Dewitt Rowland, 
who a short time afterward procured the 
vessel shown in pi. xxvii from another 
crevice not many yards away. 

The larger jar (pi. xxvi) is 10 j in. high 
and 8 in. in diameter at the mouth. In 
color it is Hght terracotta mottled with 
black. The outside is fabric-marked, prob- 
ably with a paddle wrapped with textile, 
but the inside is smooth and jet-black. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





146 


IROQUOIS 




The tempering is fine, sharp sand. Both 
this specimen and that next to be mentioned 
were covered with a white Hme-Hke powder 
when discovered. 

The second pottery jar from Theresa is 
figured in pi. xxvii. It is smaller than the 
preceding example, being only 8 in. high 
and 6 in. in diameter at the mouth. Its 
color, general appearance, and tempering 
are similar to the larger vessel, but it is less 
symmetrically formed, though more or- 
nately decorated. The serrated lower angle 
has the spaces between the usual notches 
exaggerated into projecting nodes. 

No Iroquois site at Theresa has been re- 
corded, the two vessels being stray finds. 
Oddly enough, a third entire jar, now in 
possession of the New York State Museum 
at Albany, was found under similar circum- 
stances in the same village, not far away, by 
Mr Percy Purdy.^^ These three receptacles 
are the only entire large vessels of pottery 
from Jefferson county known at present, 
although the ware was never excelled by 
Indians of the New England or Middle 
Atlantic areas. Fragments of many jars of 




INDIAN NOTES 




o 

^>- 

$ 

13 O 

^2 

-JO 

< CO 

sec 

— U. 
ZUJ 

u-s 

u 
> 



o 
o:r 

^ <. 
o3 

CO 
CO 

Q 
QC 
U 

r 

CO 



ONONDAGA 



147 



similar pattern were obtained, not only 
from the Putnam site, but throughout the 
region under examination. 

PI. xx\7ii-xxxvi, and fig. 38, represent 
sherds of the rims of receptacles found on 
the Putnam farm. It will be observed that 




Fig. 38. — Rim sherd of a prehistoric Onondaga pottery- 
jar from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county. 
(Diameter, 3 J in.). 



the conventional human face (pi. xxvni, 
xxix) is commonly used as a decorative 
motive. The same curious conventionali- 
zation may be observed incised on the gor- 
get shown in fig. 52, a, from the same site. 
It is odd that in almost all such forms from 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



148 


IROQUOIS 




Jefferson couny, only the mouth and the 
eyes are indicated. 

PI. xxx-xxxvi show potsherds orna- 
mented with the ordinary chevron groups of 
incised lines, common on eastern Iroquois 
sites, and pi. xxxiv-xxxvi, show similar 
figures produced by pressure on the plastic 
clay with a roulette or a cord-wrapped 
stick, a technic much less common in Iro- 
quois than in Algonkian ware. The designs 
are always in angular, geometric patterns, 
are unlimited in variety, and, if the con- 
ventional faces be excepted, show no trace 
of symbolism. 

The bosses produced by pressure from 
within, so often found on Algonkian pottery 
of western New York, are absent, and the 
realistic human faces in relief, luted on later 
Iroquois jars, are not found on specimens 
from the Putnam site, although one is in 
possession of Mr William A. Moore, of 
New Rochelle, N. Y., which was dug by 
him from an ash-bed on the Colligan site, 
in the Rutland hills, not far away. 

It seems strange that the ancient Onon- 
daga potters were limited to conventional 




INDIAN NOTES 








o 
< 

39 



<o 

— LU 
h-U. 

LU UJ 
>-» 



ONONDAGA 


149 


patterns for their jars, when there was 
apparently no Hmit, bej^ond their personal 
skill, to the realism applied to their terra- 
cotta pipes. Possibly this is due to the 
fact that the vessels were made by the 
women, and the pipes by the warriors. 

Among the miscellaneous pottery objects 
found at the Putnam site were two beads, a 
pipe-stem reworked as a bead, and a small, 
crude disc. 

PIPES CF POTTERY 

The Iroquois earthenware pipes of New 
York and Canada are the best known in 
America, and those of Jefferson county are 
preeminent among their kind. Made by 
master craftsmen, they present an almost 
unending variety, for, except in a few 
cases, the prehistoric Onondaga had not 
settled down to the conventionalized types 
which long survived among the other Iro- 
quois after the coming of Europeans, but 
allowed full play to their fancy. Geometric 
forms or effigies — human, mammal, bird, 
reptile, batrachian, and crustacean — are 
found, with others which in design seem to 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





150 


IROQUOIS 




point to purely mythological concepts. 
They vary in color, but tend to be light 
reddish-brown, sometimes mottled with 
black. The highly polished, black forms of 
the western Iroquois tribes are unknown. 
It was the attractiveness of these pipes which, 
beyond all else, made collecting so alluring 
to curiosity seekers, and that led to the 
ransacking and looting of almost every Iro- 
quois site in Jefferson county as soon as it 
was discovered. Numerous as these pipes 
once were, they have been so eagerly sought 
that they are now among the rarest of all 
articles in the region. Found only in ash- 
beds, and not in graves (for the Iroquois 
occupancy of Jefferson county antedates 
the period of sepulchral deposits among 
that people), the pipes obtained are nearly 
always fragmentary. Those in the collec- 
tions seen by the writer have, with few ex- 
ceptions, been more or less ''restored" by 
the finders, and the accuracy of the work 
may sometimes be questioned. 

In accordance with expectations, the 
Putnam site yielded many earthenware 
pipes, one hundred and ninety-one whole 




INDIAN NOTES 




3 
Q. 

o 
cr 

H>- 

Uo 
Qco 
OC 
Ouj 
ixl Li. 

COL. 
— Ul 

I" 

DC 

z> 



q: 



ONONDAGA 


151 


and fragmentary specimens in all. Of the 
total number, sixty-six fragments are in- 
significant, but there are forty-seven bowls 
and fifty-eight stems, mostly of the com- 
mon undecorated trumpet form. Sixteen 
fragments are ornamented, or are parts of 
effigy pipes. Only four specimens were 
virtually entire. A selection of these pipes 
is shown in pi. xxxvii, of which most of a 
plain, mottled, brown, trumpet pipe is rep- 
resented in d, the bowl of which was found 
by Mr Putnam and the stem later discov- 
ered by one of the Museum party. The 
type is the most common conventional form 
from Jefferson county, and is probably Pan- 
Iroquoian, for the writer has found portions 
of similar pipes in Cayuga county, and a 
variant on an Andaste site at Athens, Pa. 
A pipe of unusual form is presented in 
pi. XXXVII, /, and fig. 39, a, an elaborate 
ornamented variant of the trumpet t}'pe, 
with a suggestion of the kind in which 
the bowl is made in imitation of a 
pottery jar. The former clay stem, in 
one piece with the bowl, has been broken 
off, but so highly did the aboriginal owner 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





152 



IROQUOIS 

prize the latter, that he smoothed the 
broken end, plugged the original hole, and 
bored another and larger one to receive a 
stem of reed. It may be noted that about 




Fig. 39. — a. Trumpet pipe-bowl; h, Bowl showing shield 
bearing three faces; from Putnam site, Black River, Jeffer- 
son county. (Height of a, 4 in.) 

half the rim had been broken off, and was 
missing when the bowl was found, to be dis- 
covered later, nearly ten feet away, in an 



INDIAN NOTES 




o 
q: 
u. 

Oh- 
'-'a> 

OLD 



i> 

COO 

u 

X 
<0 



< 

< 
o 

z 
o 
z 
o 



ONONDAGA 


153 


ash-filled crevice under a bowlder, where it 
had been washed. The ornamentation of 
this specimen consists of a border of incised, 
vertical bars around the rim, interspersed 
with short, stamped, horizontal lines which 
seem to have been pressed in the clay while 
still soft, by means of a bone or a wooden 
tool. The under-edge of the rim is notched, 
and the upper edge has four peaks, both of 
which features are characteristic of the pot- 
tery jars of the Iroquois. The narrow neck 
below the rim, or collar, is plain, but there 
is an expanded girth beautified by a border, 
nearly an inch and a half in depth, of some- 
what oblique vertical Hnes pressed in the 
clay alternating with the same kind of short 
horizontal dashes as on the rim. The 
upper design of this border consists of two 
encirchng lines surmounted by a row of 
punctate dots. The lower edge has the same 
figure, but with only one encirchng line. 

On the left side of the bowl a deep slot, 
three-quarters of an inch long, breaks the 
design. Its reason is not obvious, but the 
feature is one common to Iroquois pipes. 
In some cases, though not in this instance, 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





154 


IROQUOIS 




these slots may have been meant to receive 
an inlay. The pipe is four inches high. 

A small pipe, found and presented by Mr 
Putnam, is represented in fig. 39, b. The 
design is that of a shield, facing the smoker, 
in outline roughly like an inverted truncated 
cone. The shield bears three human faces 
cut in relief, their heads surmounted by 
conventional figures possibly representing 
plumed head-dresses. The clay stem was 
broken in two by the native owner and 
re-bored to receive a tube of wood or of reed. 
The back of the bowl bears two zones of 
incised chevron patterns, scratched in deli- 
cate lines. There is a similar specimen 
(fig. 20) in the Museum collection which 
came from the vicinity of Montezuma, 
Cayuga county. 

Another and larger specimen, slightly 
restored, is in the collection of Mr C. P. 
Oatman, of Liverpool, N. Y. It was found 
in Jefferson county, in the Rutland hills, 
and shows three faces, including head- 
dresses. 

Fig. 40 represents a bowl broken from a 
very small ornamented pipe which bears 




INDIAN NOTES 




o 
fr 
u. 

cco 
oo 

GO 

CO 

DOC 

UJLU 

cofJ- 
— u. 



?^ 
0)0 

< 

CO -I 
QOQ 
IT 
Ul 

r 

CO 



ONONDAGA 



155 



incised decoration with the three circular 
dots so often employed to symbolize the 
human face on jars. These are also re- 
versed in some of the panels on this speci- 
men. The pipe was found in a deep ash- 
bed, part of a hill-side dump, near the edge 
of Ostrander's creek on the Putnam farm. 
A trumpet-shaped pipe from the Getman 
collection, probably 
from St Lawrence vil- 
lage, is figured in pi. 
xxxvn, c. It differs 
from most specimens 
in that the mouth- 
piece is contracted 

and narrow. Fig. 40.— SmaU pipe from 

A fraamprif- of tVip Putnam site, Black River, 
A iragment OI tne jegerson county. (Actual 

bowl of an angular pipe ^'^^-^ 
bearing incised decoration, found by the 
writer in an ash-bed on the St Lawrence 
site, is shown in fig. 41 ; and fig. 42 illustrates 
a pipe-bowl of clay encircled by a series of 
raised, ring-like ornaments, from the Colli- 
gan farm site in the Rutland hills. Fig. 
43-47, representing specimens from the 
Putnam site or its vicinity, show typical 




AND MONOGRAPHS 



156 



IROQUOIS 

Jefferson county Iroquois pipe-bowls of 
ordinary styles. 

Fig. 48 indicates a broken pipe-bowl of 
anomalous form, found by Dr Blackie in an 
ash-bed on the Putnam farm site. It is in 
such fragmentary condition that its former 




Fig. 41. — Fragment of an angular pipe-bowl from St 
Lawrence site, Jefiferson county. (Actual size.) 

appearance cannot be determined, except 
that it was rather profusely decorated with 
incised chevron and herring-bone patterns. 
Possibly this pipe was merely a clay bowl 
furnished with a separate reed stem. 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



157 



Stonework 

Stone being little used by the early Onon- 
daga, few artifacts of this material came to 
light at the Putnam site. Several flint 




Fig. 42. — Ring bowl pipe from CoUigan site, Rutland hills, 
Jefferson county. (Actual size.) 

arrowheads of the common Pan-Iroquoian 
triangular form were, however, found, and 
one notched point of the same material. 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



158 



IROQUOIS 

The latter was probably intrusive, as it is 
of a type not made nor used by the early 
Iroquois people, and came perhaps from 
some roving band of Algonkian hunters, the 
site of one of whose camps, known by its 
stemmed arrowheads, is only a short dis- 
tance away. 

Not a single stone 
mortar was obtained, 
although several mul- 
lers were found, as 
well as some pitted 
hammers. Of celts, 
the only axe of the Iro- 
quois, a number were 
collected and others 

Fig. 43. — Fragment of a i i ■» «- 

terracotta pipe from Put- wcrc reported by 'Mr 

nam site, Black River, -n <. a ii r 

Jefferson county. (Actual rutnam. Ail are Of 

^^^•^ a hard black stone 

susceptible of taking a good polish and a 
keen edge, and as usual on Iroquois sites, a 
considerable variation in size w^as observed 
among them. 

Pipes. — Pipes of stone were by no means 
so common as were those of clay, but a per- 
fect example of polished black steatite found 




INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



159 



not far away, near Black River village, is 
shown in pi. xxxvii, b. Although its shape 
approaches some of the clay forms of which 
certain writers have doubted the manufac- 
ture before the advent of metal tools,' this 




Fig. 44. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson 
county. (Actual size.) 



is undoubtedly a prehistoric pipe. The 
maker must have experiencd no Httle diffi- 
culty in boring the stem by primitive 
means. An unfinished specimen of simi- 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



160 



IROQUOIS 

A 

lar appearance, which came likewise from 
the Putnam site, is shown in pi. xxxvii, a. 
In this example the perforation has barely 
been commenced, apparentl)^ with a stone 
drill. PL xxxvn, g, and fig. 49 illustrate 
a similar, but diminutive, pipe from St 




Fig. 45. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson 
county. (Actual size.) 



Lawrence. These tiny pipes, both in clay 
and in stone, are not infrequent elsewhere 
in the Iroquois territory, but are a special 
feature of Onondaga archeology. 

An interesting effigy-bowl pipe is repre- 
sented in fig. 50, collected in northern New 



INDIAN NOTES 






< 

a^ 

So 

UJ 

20 

Li. 
<^ 

qq: 
uu 
«> 

oE 



Oiij 

Q 
OC 
UJ 

I 
CO 



ONONDAGA 



161 



York, probably in Jefferson county, and 
presented by Harmon W. Hendricks, Esq., 
a trustee of the Museum. The material 
is a dark, mottled steatite, well polished, 
and the bowl formerly possessed a stone 
stem, which was broken. This fracture was 




Fig. 46. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Rutland 
hills, JefEerson county. (Actual size.) 



ground down by its native owner, who later 
re-bored the bowl to receive a reed mouth- 
piece. It has a perforation also in the base 
for the attachment of a thong. The carved 
head, which faced away from the smoker, an 
unusual feature, may have been intended to 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



162 



IROQUOIS 

represent an old and ferocious snapping- 
turtle {Chelydra serpentina) with open jaws. 
Pipes of this type, while rare, are more 
commonly seen west of the Mohawk-Onon- 
daga country. 

A remarkable pipe, carved of Huronian 
slate, representing a long-tailed animal 




Fig. 47. — Fragments of terracotta pipes from Jefferson 
county. (Diameters, 2 in., If in.) 

curled up in the act of climbing its own 
caudal appendage, has been found on Dry 
hill, near Watertown, in Jefferson county. 
This t3^e is rather widely spread among the 
Iroquois of the western group. 

Beads. — Twenty-five stone beads were 
found in the ash-beds. In fig. 51, a, b, will 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 



163 



be seen two ordinary discoidal beads of 
polished steatite. Fig. 51, c, represents an 
unusual specimen which seems to be part of 
the stem of a soapstone pipe, deeply scored 
in several places in the process of cutting 
it into sections intended to serve as beads. 




Fig. 48. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Putnam 
site, Black River, Jefferson county, (f.) 

Soapstone beads, with crinoids, small nat- 
urally perforated concretions, and shell 
disc-beads, examples of all of which were 
found at the Putnam site, seem to have 
been preferred by the Jefferson county 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



164 



IROQUOIS 

Onondaga to the bone beads elsew.here held 
in such high esteem among the Iroquois. 

Effigy Gorgets. — Among the specimens 
presented by Mr Putnam are two broken 
efhgy gorgets, of which fig. 52, a, represents 
the larger and better-made example. It is 
of purplish-red shale, and seems to have 



Fig. 49. — Stone pipe from Jefferson county. (Actual 
size.) 

been oval in shape, with a central perfora- 
tion, across which it was broken. On both 
sides are conventional human faces enclosed 
in a figure composed of double horseshoe- 
shape lines. The cutting is deep and seems 
to have been done with a stone tool. The 
faces, which are typically Iroquois in de- 



INDIAN NOTES 




o 

ir 

Lu 

o>- 



§" 

U2 
QO 

Lu tij 
Q-Ll 

2> 



O 

X 

CO 
CO 

Q 



< 

< 

Q 

O 
O 



ONONDAGA 



165 



sign, are similar to those found on the 
angles of local pottery jars. The eyes and 
the mouth are indicated, but as usual no 
attempt has been made to portray the nose. 
In its broken condition the specimen meas- 
ures two inches in height. 

Fig. 52, b, represents a small, flat pebble, 
perforated at the upper end for suspension. 
A face is rudely scratched on one side; 
eyebrows, eyes, and nose or bill are indi- 
cated, but it is impossible to say whether 
the portrait is intended to be that of a hu- 
man being or of an owl. 

Summary. — A recapitulation of the stone 
articles gathered at the Putnam site shows 
that of the sixty- three specimens found, 
thirteen are small, entire steatite beads, 
and seven, also beads, broken in process of 
manufacture, of the same material, making 
twenty in all. To these should be added 
five beads made of crinoids or of naturally 
perforated stones. An elongate pebble, 
perforated and drilled at one end, which 
seems to have seen service as a whetstone, 
was unearthed. Thirteen celts, two gorgets, 
seven flint arrowpoints, of which one only 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



166 



IROQUOIS 

was stemmed, the rest being triangular, 
were obtained. Seven hammerstones and 
mullers, but no mortars were found. Six 




Fig. 50. — Stone pipe-bowl from Jefferson county. (Actual 
size.) 



flint scrapers, five whetstones, and three 
stone pipes also came from the site. 



INDIAN NOTES 




< 

z 

H 
D 
Q. 

o 
a: 
u. 

2 

o>- 



o 

o 

CO 

Qqc 

UJlxl 

Q-u. 
^^ 
O^ 

co< 

CoQD 
Q 
QC 
UJ 

X 

CO 



ONONDAGA 



167 



Foodstuff 

In the ash-beds on the Putnam site were 
found beans, corn, squash-seeds, hickory- 
nuts, butternuts, and pits of the wild plum. 
The use of tobacco may be inferred from the 
numerous pipes and pipe fragments recov- 
ered. A list of the animals used as food, so 
far as it has been possible to identify them 






Fig. 51. — Beads in process of making, from Putnam site, 
Black River, Jefferson county. (Actual size.) 

from bones and fragments found, was pre- 
pared through the kindness of Captain H. 
E. Anthony, of the American Museum of 
Natural History. 

Animals Used as Food 
Virginia deer, Odocoileus virginianus, 
Elk, Cerviis canadensis 

American bison, Bison americanus 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



168 



IROQUOIS 



Black bear, 

Porcupine 

Raccoon, 

Marten, 

Otter, 

Woodchuck, 

Muskrat, 

Beaver, 

Skunk, 

Weasel, 

Dog, 

Pig (domestic). 



Ursus americanus 
Erethizon dorsatum 
Procyon lotor 
Mustela americana 
Lutra canadensis 
Marmota monax 
Ondatra zibethica 
Castor canadensis 
Mephitis htidsonius 
Mustela novaboracensis 
Canis familiaris 
Sus scrofa domes tica 



The only remarkable species discovered 
were the bison, rare so far north and east, 
and the domestic pig. The bones of the 
latter were found by the writer in the ash- 
beds, but as nearly all of these had been 
plowed, it is possible that the bones could 
have found their way there in recent times. 
As stated elsewhere in this article, no other 
traces of contact with Caucasians have 
been noted at this site, nor indeed^ at most 
of the neighboring sites. If the bones were 
deposited in the refuse-heaps in Indian 
times, an interesting course of speculation 
is open. 

In a letter to the writer, Mr S. C. Bishop, 
of the New York State Museum, states that, 



INDIAN NOTES 




cc 
o 
u. 

u 
cr 
cc 

S^ 
Olj 

0-5 
LiJ 

OCT 

u 

Q> 

u — 

D-OC 



Oc/J 
< 

I- 



ONONDAGA 



169 



although the bison bones are not of a fossil 
character, they are of interest because they 
give evidence of a former wide distribution 
of the species in New York. As the toe- 
bones and the teeth have not been worked 
and show no signs of having been used in 




Fig. 52. — Gorgets, with human faces incised thereon, 
from Putnam site, Black River, Jefiferson county. (Height 
of a, 2^a in-) 

any way as implements, it seems evident 
that they were from an animal killed in the 
vicinity and probably used as food. 

Early records of settlers in Onondaga 
county show that large herds of bison vis- 
ited the salt-licks near Syracuse, and a 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



170 



IROQUOIS 

sufficient number of bones have been found 
near the place to justify the behef that the 
records are true. Beau champ has also com- 
mented on buffalo-bones from Jefferson 
county. 

Summary 

The artifacts found at the Putnam site 
number three hundred bone implements, 
several thousand potsherds, one hundred 
and ninety-one clay pipes, sixty-three 
stone articles (of which twenty-five, or 
more than one-third, are beads); five ob- 
jects of shell, and none of native copper. 
Accepting this site as typical of the Iro- 
quois region, Jefferson county, we have a 
fair cultural index for comparison with other 
Iroquois and Algonkian remains of the same 
prehistoric period in New York state. 
There can be no doubt that for the Algon- 
kians a similar numerical analysis of arti- 
facts would show an equal plurality of 
stone objects over those of bone, a paucity 
of clay, and the presence, possibly, of native 
copper, steatite bowls, worked mica, and, of 
course, the polished slates — the tubes, ham- 



INDIAN NOTES 



ONONDAGA 


171 


merstones, two-holed gorgets, and bird- 
stones would be noted. The material cul- 
ture of the early Iroquois of New York was, 
roughly speaking, a culture of bone and 
of clay that emphasized the pipe of terra- 
cotta in particular. The Algonkian cul- 
ture was one which developed the working 
of stone. 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





172 



IV.— CONCLUSION 



THE remains found on the sites of 
the villages and in the cemeteries 
of the Cayuga show that this 
people conformed with all the 
Pan-Iroquoian traits as given in the intro- 
ductory part of this paper, and that, as 
might be expected from their geographic 
position during prehistoric times, their cul- 
ture possessed many features in common 
with that of the eastern or Mohawk- 
Onondaga, although strongly marked by 
western features of the central subgroup. 
Early resemblances to the eastern group 
were particularly noticeable in the light- 
reddish pipes and pottery, and in the numer- 
ical paucity of chipped-stone implements. 

At a later period, during the contact of 
the Cayuga with white colonists from 
France and England, and before the aban- 
donment of their ancient seats, western Iro- 
quois influences became pronounced, and 



INDIAN NOTES 




o 

I- _ 

CO O 

< -; 

^ 2 

o w 

O 'S 

< w 

□c S 

DC 



CONCLUSION 


173 


the types of pottery, pipes, and other arti- 
facts found on sites of this epoch partake 
pronouncedly of Seneca-Neutral and even 
of Huron characteristics. Among these 
traits are jet-black, poHshed pipes of clay 
and round, squat, pottery jars. The use of 
chipped stone was also slightly extended. 

In addition to these influences, it is 
highly probable that the Andaste or Sus- 
quehanna river Iroquois also made a cul- 
tural impression on the Cayuga, for it was 
by captives from this people that many of 
the Cayuga villages were largely increased. 
Unfortunately, Andaste archeology is little 
known, but some Cayuga pottery is remi- 
niscent of that from the Susquehanna valley. 

The culture of the prehistoric Onondaga 
has already been dealt with at some length 
in our Introduction. Suffice it to say that 
the Putnam site herein described fulfills 
every detail, save two, as a typical village 
of that people. The two requirements 
lacking are: situation on a hilltop, and for- 
tification by log or earthen walls, or both. 
The site has yielded the characteristic 
eastern Iroquois pottery of extreme de- 




AND MONOGRAPHS 





174 


IROQUOIS 




velopment in great abundance and variety; 
numerous handsomely made bone and antler 
artifacts; quantities of clay pipes of beauti- 
ful technic and design; showed the custom- 
ary lack of chipped-flint articles, and pos- 
sessed the usual celts, beads, and crude stone 
utensils. 

There is no indication that outside influ- 
ences of any kind were at work on the an- 
cient culture of the Onondaga, or that there 
was notable internal change in their ma- 
terial life during the period of the native 
occupancy of Jefferson county, except for 
the normal development of a few art mo- 
tives such as the addition of modeled human 
faces luted on the rims of the pottery jars, 
apparently an outgrowth of the early con- 
ventional line-and-dot faces. 

It may be added, however, that an ex- 
amination of collections from Onondaga 
sites of late prehistoric times to the colonial 
period, situated in and near Syracuse, shows 
a rapid growth of western Iroquois influence 
as the colonial period advanced; so that 
those sites, dating from the Jesuit epoch on, 
are notable for the abundance of artifacts 




INDIAN NOTES 



CONCLUSION 


175 


typical of the Niagara frontier and of lower 
Canada. Especially is this true with re- 
gard to the forms of pipes, which show a 
less ancient character, and were perhaps 
ultimately crowded out, in form and technic, 
by the black clay pipes of western Iroquois 
design. This, of course, is accounted for 
by the large numbers of Huron and Neutral 
captives colonized by all the tribes of the 
Five Nations after their triumphant western 
campaigns. 


- 


AND MONOGRAPHS 





176 IROQUOIS 



BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 

1. Beauchamp, W. M. Articles in Bulletin of 

the New York State Museum, nos. 16, 18, 
22, 32, 41, 50, 55, 73, 78, 87, 89, 108, 
Albany, 1897-1907. 

2. Boyle, David. Annual ArchcEological Re- 

ports of the Provincial Miiseum, Toronto, 
1892-1910. 

3. Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and 

Burial Site, Bulletin 117, New York State 
Museum, Albany, 1907. 

4. Houghton, Frederick W. (a) The In- 

dian Occupancy of the Niagara Frontier, 
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural 
Sciences, vol. rx, no. 3, Buffalo, 1909. 

(b) The Seneca Nation from 1655 to 
1687, ibid., vol. x, no. 2, 1912 

5. Parker, A. C. Origin of the Iroquois as 

Suggested by their Archeology, American 
Anthropologist, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 479, Lan- 
caster, Pa., Oct.-Dec, 1916. 

6. Houghton, Frederick W. The Charac- 

teristics of Iroquoian Village Sites of 
Western New York, ibid., p. 508. 

7. Parker, Origin of the Iroquois, op. cit., p. 

497. 

8. Parker, A. C. (a) A Prehistoric Iroquoian 

Site. Researches attd Transactions of the 
New York State Archeological Association, 
vol. I, no. 1, Rochester, 1918. 



INDIAN NOTES 



NOTES 



(b) A Contact Period Seneca Site, 
ibid., no. 2, 1919. 
9. Dawson, Sir J, W. Fossil Men and their 
Modern Representatives, London, 1888. 

10. Laidlaw, Coi. Geo. E. Ontario Effigy 

Pipes in Stone, 2d Paper, Annual Archceo- 
logical Report, Provincial Museum, p. 37, 
Toronto, 1913. 

11. Holmes, W. H. Aboriginal Pottery of 

Eastern United States, Tiventieth Annual 
Report of the Bureau of American Eth- 
nology, Washington, 1903. 

12. Squier, E. G. Antiquities of the State of 

New York, p. 88, Buffalo, 1851. 

13. Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Occupa- 

tion of New York, Bulletin 32, Neio York 
State Museum, p. 39, Albany, 1900. 

14. London Documents III, cpoted b}'^ E. B. 

O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New 
York, vol. I, p. 12. 

15. Beauchamp, op. cit., p. 39. 

16. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, New York State 

Museum, Albany, 1902. 

17. Ibid., p. 273. 

18. Ibid., p. 284. 

19. Parker, A Prehistoric Iroquoian Site, op. 

cit., p. 25. 

20. ]\IuRRAY, Louise Welles. Old Tioga 

Point and Earlv Athens, p. 201, Athens, 
Pa., 1908. 

21. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, op. cit., p. 288. 

22. Heye and Pepper. Exploration of a Mun- 

see Cemetery near ]\Iontague, New Jer- 
sey, Contributions from the Museum of the 
American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. 
II, no. 1, New York, 1915. 



177 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



178 



31. 
32. 
33. 



34. 

35. 
36. 

37. 



IROQUOIS 



23. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, New York State 

Museum, p. 285, fig. 180. 

24. Idem., p. 286, fig. 192. 

25. Idem., p. 286, fig. 197. 

26. Beauchamp in Bulletin 22, New York State 

Museum, p. 103, fig. 92, Albany, 1898. 

27. Idem., p. 116, fig. 140 

28. Idem., p. 122, fig. 174. 

29. Idem., p. 122, fig. 176. 

30. Parker, Origin of the Iroquois, op. cit., p. 



39. 



Heye and Pepper, op. cit., p. 30 et seq. 

Squeer, op. cit., p. 16. 

Hough, Franklin B. History of Jefferson 
County in the State of New York, Water- 
town, N. Y., 1854. 

Beauchamp in Bulletin 32, New York State 
Mtiseum, p. 73. 

Beauchamp, in Bulletin 50, op. cit., p. 252. 

Beauchamp, ibid., p. 310, fig. 222. 

Skinner, Alanson. Snakapins, a Siwanoy 
Site at Clasons Point, Contributions from 
the Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
Foundation, vol. v, no. 4, part ii, p. 94, 
pi. X, d, New York, 1919. 

Cadzow, Donald A. Native Copper 
Objects of the Copper Eskimo, Indian 
Notes and Monographs, pi. i. New York, 

i9:o. 

Annual Report of the Director of the New 
York State Museum, 1914, p. 68. 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 

Adams, W. IF., antler chipping tool found by, 
82; artifacts found by, at Scipioville, 52; bone 
artifacts recorded by, 69; bone combs found 
by, 79-82; graves excavated by, 50-51; pot- 
tery vessels found by, 86-87; trumpet pipe 
found by, 95; wampum beads found by, 114; 
wolf-head pipe found by, 92 

Albany, Albany county, New York State Mu- 
seum in, 146 

Algonkian:: antler measures among, 140; antler 
points of, 129; artifacts at Cato, 47; artifacts 
at Great Gully, 56; bone comb on site of, 78; 
bone fishhooks of, 137; bone harpoons of, 
134; bone needles of, 129-130; bonework com- 
pared with Cayuga, 69; colonies of, among 
Five Nations, 22-24; condition of bone arti- 
facts of, 84-85; culture of, compared with 
Iroquois, 170-171; in Cayuga county, 37-40, 
42, 85; Manhattan island belonging to, 132; 
mending of pottery by, 143; notched arrow- 
points of, 19, 23, 41, 47, 121-122, 157-158, 
165-166; notched knives of, 56; on Putnam 
site, 121; pipes in Cayuga county, 92; sites 
of, lowland, 46-47; sliver awls of, 127; stone 
artifacts of, 40-41, 125-126 

American Museum of Natural History, Capt. 
H. E. Anthonv of, 167; Douglass collection 
in, 52, 92 



179 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



180 



IROQUOIS 



Amidon, R. W., collection of, 85 

Anndets of slate, absence of, on sites, 19. See 
Charms 

Andaste, along Susquehanna, 18,31; bone combs 
of, 78; colonies of, among Cayuga, 54-55; in- 
fluence of, on Cayuga, 173; pottery jars of, 
142; stone artifacts of, 18; stone disc of, 104; 
trumpet pipe of, from Athens, Pa., 151 

Angular, collar of jar, 33, 44; patterns on pot- 
tery, 148 

Animals: effigies, in terracotta, 46; on combs, 
51, 53, 62, 78-80; on pipes, 29, 51-53, 90-92, 
99-101, 149, 161-162; figurine of earthenware, 
89; used as food by Onondaga, 167-170; 
worked teeth of, 130, 141 

Anthonv, H. F.., list of food animals prepared 
by, 167-170 

Antiquities of the State of Neiv York, Squier, 
author, 44-45 

Antlerwork, abundance of, 17; Cayuga artifacts 
of, 43-44, 82-85; Onondaga development of, 
29, 118-119; of Putnam site, 174. See Bone- 
work 

Archeologv of New York state, authorities on, 
16 

Argillite, Andaste artifacts of, 18 

Arrowpoints, antler or bone, 29, 126, 128, 141; 
brass, 51, 68; flint, 44, 46, 68, 103, 126; 
material of Andaste, 18; notched or Algon- 
kian, 19,23,41,47, 121-122, 157-158, 165-166; 
shape of Pan-Iroquoian, triangular, 17, 29, 
157; trade, from Cayuga sites, 116-117 

Ash-beds, artifacts in, 29, 43, 46-47, 51; bone 
artifacts in, 70, 72, 82-85, 141; bone awls in, 
127, 141; bone jinglers in, 136; bone needles 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



in, 129; Cayuga pipes in, 89-90, 95; evidence 
of, as to food, 167-170; luted pottery in, 148; 
of Onondaga village site, 121-125; potsherds 
in, 87, 142-144; pottery gravers in, 105; stone 
beads in, 162-163; stone ornaments in, 112- 
113; terracotta pipes in, 89, 150, 155-156 

Ashes, artifacts in, at Locke, 43; blown by false- 
face, 34; in cemetery at Great Gully, 61; in 
fireplace at Great Gully, 66; preservation of 
bone artifacts by, 84-85 

Ash-pit on Erie site, 75 

Athens, Pennsylvania, Andaste: bone comb at, 
78; grave at, 104; jars at, 54-55; trumpet pipe 
from, 151 

Auburn, Cayuga county, collection of E. H. 
Gohl in, 109; Mr Emmanuel Cramer of, 46; 
Mr Hugh Cadzow of, 40; site of Colonial 
period near, 49 

Aurora, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42; 
earthenware figurine from, 89; fort at, 45-46; 
net-sinker from, 104; pottery from, 87; stone 
beads from, 113 

Awls, bone: on Cayuga sites, 43, 46, 47, 70; on 
Onondaga sites, 29, 126-127, 140-141; Pan- 
Iroquoian, 20 

Axe, iron, in burial, 60; axes from Scipioville, 53. 
See Celts 

Bands painted on pottery, 145 
Bannerstones, Algonkian, 19, 40-41 
Barbed harpoon, bone, from St Lawrence, 133 
Bark, covering of, in grave at Great Gully, 63 
Barrel-shaped beads in burial at Great Gully, 

59 
Bars as border on pipe, 153 



181 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



182 



IROQUOIS 



Bayonet slate, absence of, on sites, 19 

Beaded or crinolated rim in pottery, 2>3 

Beads, abundance of, on sites, 19; bone, on 
Cayuga sites, 14r-11; bone, on Onondaga sites, 
29, 134-135, 141; catlinite, on Cayuga sites, 
52, 60, 110-112; copper, on Onondaga sites, 
19, 29-30; glass, on Cayuga sites, 51, 68, 116; 
on Cayuga sites, 49, 53; pipe-stem reworked 
into, 149; shell, on Cayuga site, 63-64, 68, 
115-116; shell, on Onondaga sites, 163-164; 
stone, on Cayuga sites, 46, 113; stone, on 
Onondaga sites, 28, 135, 162-163, 165, 174 

Bear, artifact from bone of, 71-72; black, as 
food, 168; effigy of, on comb, 53; effig>'-head 
of, on pipes, 25, 51, 91, 100-101; pendant of 
tooth of, 74; tool made from tooth of, 131. See 
Black bear 

Beauchamp, W. M ., acknowledgment to, 120; 
author of: Bone Articles of New York Abor- 
igines, 137; Wampum and Shell Articles, 113; 
bone artifacts recorded by, 69; on artifacts 
made from femur, 73-74; on bone combs, 77- 
79, 82; on bone implements, 125; on buffalo- 
bones in Jefferson county, 170; on Cayuga 
jar, 86; on Great Gully site, 56; on sites near 
Fleming, 49-50; studies of New York Iro- 
quois by, 16 

Beaver as food, 168; tool made from tooth of, 131 

Belts of wampum in grave, 60, 114 

Big Salmon creek, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites 
on, 53 

Bilateral harpoons in Jefferson county, 133-134 

Birds, bones of, as awls, 127; bones of, as beads, 
74-77; effigies of, 25, 33, 34, 51-52, 80-82, 91, 
100-101, 114 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Bird-stones indicative of Algonkian culture, 171 
Bishop, S. C, on bison in New York state, 168- 

169 
Bison, American, evidence of, as food, 167-170 
Black, bands on pottery, 145; pottery of Onon- 
daga, 144-145; terracotta pipes of Western 
origin, 34-35, 51, 89, 100, 150, 172-173, 175. 
See Pigment 
Black hear as food, 168. S"ee Bear 
Blackie, W. R., assistance by, 119-120 
Blackie, W. R., Jr, assistance by, 119-120 
Black River village, Onondaga site in, 121-125. 

See Putnam site 
Blanket covering skeleton, 57 
Blowing false-face, absent from Cayuga pipes, 

92-94; on pipes, 34, 106 
Bodkins of bone, Pan-Iroquoian, 29 
Bone Articles of New York Aborigines, Beau- 
champ, author, 137 
Bone, awls, 20, 29, 43, 46, 47, 70, 126, 127, 140- 
141; beads.. 19, 29, 74-77, 134-135, 141, 163- 
164; combs, 29,51,53,62, 77-82, 132, 141; 
fishhooks, 43, 72, 137; handle to knife, 64; 
human, artifacts of, 62, 72-74, 77, 133, 137- 
138; jinglers, 43, 47; needles, 29, 129-130, 141 ; 
phalangeal, 70-71, 135-136, 141; tools, 127- 
128, 131-132, 153; trinket with burial, 65; 
tubes, 59, 65, 74-77, 132 
Bonework, abundance of, 17; comparative excel- 
lence of, 69; of Cayuga, 69-85; of Onondaga, 
29, 118-119, 125-139, 174; Pan-Iroquoian, 20, 
170-171 
Bow in burial at Great Gully, 59 
Bowlder in burial at Great Gully, 61 



183 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



184 



IROQUOIS 



Bowls, steatite, indicative of Algonkian culture, 

170. See Vessels 
Box-turtle, perforated shell of, from Locke, 43, 

72 
Bo vie, David, studies of Canadian Iroquois by, 

i6 

Brass, artifacts from Cayuga sites: (general) 116- 
117; arrowpoints, 51, 68; ferules, 63; jinglers, 
68; kettles, 44, 53, 57, 63, 66-68; mouth- 
piece of Cayuga pipes, 92; needle, 66; scraps, 
59; traces of, in burial, 65. See Copper 

Bronze rings of Jesuit origin, 48 

Buffalo, see Bison 

Bullet-molds from Cayuga sites, 59, 77, 116 

Buftdle burials at Great Gully, 59-60, 65 

Burial-grounds, see Cemeteries 

Burials, artifacts in, 37-38, 50-55, 59-68; bead 
articles in, 113-116; bullet-molds in, 59, 77; 
gun-flints in, 104; scarcity of pipes in, 89-90, 
150; scarcity of pottery in, 85-87; trade arti- 
cles in, 116-117. See Cemeteries, Flexed bur- 
ials. Graves, Skeletons 

Burning Spring, Cataraugus county, Seneca pot- 
tery from, 88 

Burnt stones, in cemetery at Great Gully, 61; 
used to temper pottery, 145 

But I emu Is, evidence of, as food, 167 

Caches, at Great Gully, 45; at Locke, 43; of 

net-sinkers at Cato, 47. See Pits 
Cadzow, Donald A., assistance by, 40, 46, 52; 

Eskimo gaff-hooks collected by, 139 
Cadzow, Hugh, acknowledgment to, 40 
Ca/f/«w, Jefferson county, Onondaga site in, 122 
Camp, Algonkian, on Putnam site, 121, 158 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Canada, artifacts typical of, on Onondaga sites, 
174-175; Cayuga sites in, 109; culture of, 
compared with Iroquois, 15; effigy pipes in, 
29; engraved bone implements in, 132; forti- 
fication of hilltops in, 17; Iroquois of, 16; 
Iroquois pipes of, 149; pottery jars of, 141. 
See Ontario 

Canis familiar is as food, 168 

Captives, see Colonies 

Cartier, Jacques, Onondaga site of Hochelaga 
discovered by, 25 

Carving, of antler, 83; of bone, 29, 51, 53, 62, 
69, 75-82, 131-132, 140; of shell, 114-116; of 
stone ornaments, 52, 109-113; of stone pipes, 
106-109. See Bonework, Engraving, Etching, 
Stonework, Woodwork 

Castor canadensis as food, 168 

Cataraugiis county, Seneca pottery from, 88 

Catlinite, carved beads of, on Cayuga sites, 52, 
60, 110-112 

Cato, Cayuga county, Algonkian and Iroquois 
sites at, 46-47; Cayuga site at, 42; net-sinker 
from, 104; pottery from, 87, 89 

Caucasians, see Colonial period 

Cayuga, Andaste colonies among, 54-55; arche- 
ology of, 37-117; bonework of, 69-85, 132; 
boundaries of, 30-31; culture, extraneous in- 
fluences on, 172-173; date of invasion by, 41- 
42; Jesuit sites among, 35, 53-54, 116; pottery 
jars of, 142; pottery of, 85-89; shell ornaments 
of, 113-116; stone age of, 54; stone ornaments 
of, 109-113; stone pipes of, 105-109; stone- 
work of, 103-113; terracotta pipes of, 89-103 

Cayuga, Cayuga county, ]\Ir George Nichols of, 
101-102, 108 



185 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



186 



IROQUOIS 



Cayuga county, Algonkian pipes in, 92; classifi- 
cation of sites in, 38-39; effigy pipe from, 154 

Cayuga lake, see Lake Cayuga 

Celts, from Cayuga sites, 105; from Great Gully, 
66-68; from Locke, 44; on Onondaga sites, 
28-29, 158, 165, 174; Pan-Iroquoian, 20 

Cemeteries, at Great Gully, 57-68, 73; despoiled, 
37-38; of stone age, 54; value of scientific exca- 
vation of, 55. See Burials, Flexed burials. 
Graves 

Cemetery, communal, 125; Munsee, at Montague, 
N. J., 113; near Fleming, 49; near Romney, 
West Virginia, 2>2 

Centers of population, 20-24 

Cervus canadensis as food, 167 

Cesspool, colonial, at Great Gully, 66 

Charcoal, in burial at Great Gully, 61; Onon- 
daga artifacts found in, 123-124 

Charms, of stone, Cayuga, 109-113; worked 
human femurs as, 73-74 

Chaumont, Jefferson county, collection of R. W. 
Amidon in, 85 

Chelydra serpentina, effigy of, on pipe, 162 

Cherokee, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 

Chesapeake hay bounding Western group, 30 

Chevron figures, ornamenting bonework, 75, 80, 
132; on pipes, 154, 156; on pottery, 148 

Children, burials of, 58, 60, 63-64; sherds used 
as playthings by, 144. See Infants 

China, bits of, in burial at Great Gully, 59, 66; 
dishes from Cayuga sites, 116 

Chipped stonework: antler tools for, 82; flints, 
20, 29, 59; implements, 103-104; scarcity of, 
17-20, 118-119, 172-174 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Circles decorating pottery, 27 

Circumvallations on hilltops, 17. See Earthen 
walls 

Clark, J. V. H., on Cayuga village at Old Town, 
50; on Great Gully site, 56 

Clasons point, New York county, bone fishhook 
at, 137 

Classification, of Cayuga pottery, 87-89; of cen- 
ters of population, 20-24; of Pan-Iroquoian 
culture, 16-19; of sites, 38-39 

Clay, tempering of: with burnt stone, 145; with 
sand, 102, 146; untempered pipe of, 95. See 
Terracotta 

Coil process used in Onondaga pottery, 145 

Collar of jars, 26-27, ZZ, 44, 88-89, 142 

Collection: Amidon, 85; Douglass, 52, 92; Get- 
man, 129, 137, 155; Gohl, 109; Lewis, 79, 92, 
107, 117; Museum of American Indian, Heye 
Foundation, 20-21, 25, 38, 40, 51-52, 67, 77, 
78, 80, 95-117, 123, 126-166, 170: Oatman, 
C. P., 34, 154; Oatman, H. J., 29; Putnam, 
120; Young, 68 

Colligan site, Jefferson county, luted pottery 
from, 148; terracotta pipe from, 155 

Colonial period, artifacts of, on sites, 28, 56, 
66, 116-117, 119; Cayuga mortuary offer- 
ings dating from, 85-86; Cayuga pipes of, 
89, 106; Cayuga sites of, 41, 48; Indian vil- 
lages of, 48-49; influence of, on artifacts, 172- 
175; metal jinglers of, 136; records of: as to 
bison, 169-170; as to Five Nations, 23. See 
Brass, Glass, Iron, Jesuit period 

Colonies, among Five Nations, 22-24, 175; of 
x\ndaste among Cayuga, 54—55, 173 



187 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



188 



IROQUOIS 



Color, of Onondaga pottery, 27, 144—145; of 
terracotta pipes, 89, 95, 97-101, 150; of West- 
ern versus Eastern pottery, 33-35, 172 

Combs, bone, 29, 77-82, 132, 141; carved: with 
bears, 53; with panthers, 62, 79-80; with par- 
tridges, 51, 80 

Concretions, beads of, 46, 113, 163 

Condition of Cayuga bone artifacts, 84 

Conestoga, along Susquehanna, 31; bone combs 
of, 78. See Andaste 

Confederacy, Huron, Z2. See Five Nations 

Conventional faces, 27, 88, 109, 147-148, '155, 
164-165, 174 

Copper, arrowpoints, 128; artifacts from Cayuga 
sites, 116-117; beads, 30; fishhooks on Great 
Gully site, 56, 67; indicative of Algonkian 
culture, 170; native, objects of, almost un- 
known, 19; stains in grave, 66. See Brass, 
Bronze 

Copper Eskimo, hafted gaff-hooks of, 139 

Cord-ivrapped stick used in decorating pottery, 
27, 89, 148 

Corti, evidence of, as food, 167; mullers for, 68, 
104; pendant resembling ear of, 112, 

Corn caches, see Caches 

Coronet pipes, on Cayuga sites, 43, 90, 95; Pan- 
Iroquoian, 25, 33, 35, 106 

Cramer, Emmanuel, acknowledgment to, 46-47 

Crawfish, efhgy of, 25 

Crinoids, beads of, 163, 165 

Crouching images on pipes, 34. See Blowing 
false-face 

Crucifixes on Cayuga sites, 48, 53, 57, 116 

Culture, Algonkian: compared with Iroquois, 
170-171; in Cayuga county, 40-41; Andaste: 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



18, 31, 54-55, 173; Cayuga: and Onondaga 
compared, 172-175; collection of, in Museum 
of American Indian, Heye Foundation, 38; 
sites of, 40-68; Onondaga: of Jefferson county, 
118-175; Pan-Iroquoian : artifacts of, classified, 
17-19; centers of, 20-24; preeminent, 15-16. 
See names of various tribes 

Cup-aud-pin game, deer phalanges units of, 71, 
136 

Cutlass, French, in grave at Great Gully, 63 

Cylinder of engraved bone, 133 

Cylindrical beads of copper, 29-30 

Dancing, rattle accompanying, 72 
Decoration, of bone artifacts, 59, 62, 69, 75-82, 
128, 130-133, 138, 140-141; of pipes, 25, 29, 
33-34, 51-53, 57, 59, 67, 79,90-103, 105-109, 
149-156, 160-162, 173-174; of pottery, 27- 
28, 33-35, 44, 87-89, 142-149, 174; of shell, 
63-64, 115-116; of stone, 60, 111. See Can- 
ing, Designs Effigies 
Deer, carved bones of, 70-71: perforated pha- 
langes of, 29; phalanges of, as jinglers, 71, 
135-136; Virginia, as food, 167; worked ant- 
lers of, 82-83 
Deer^s-hoof jinglers among Iroquois, 136 
Deerskin thongs in grave at Great Gully, 63 
Designs: angular patterns, 148; bands, 145; 
bars, 153; bosses, 148; chevron, 75, 80, 132, 
148, 154, 156; circles, 27; diamond, 27, 133; 
geometric, 25, 148-149; herring-bone, 156; 
horseshoe, 164; Jesuit, 34, 48; line-and-dot, 
27, 33, 34, 59, 96, 100, 106, 174; lines, 67, 101, 
103, 132, 148, 153; nodes, 146; star, 59, 115- 
116; zigzag, 83, 138. See Conventional faces, 
Decoration, Effigies 



189 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



190 IROQUOIS 



Detroit river bounding Western group, 32 
Diagram of Great Gully fort, 44—45 
Diamond figures, on bone, 133; on pottery, 27 
Disc beads, of steatite, 135; of stone and shell on 

Onondagi sites, 163-164; of terracotta from 

Putnam site, 149 
Discoidals, muUers like, 46; from South, 104 
Discoid shell beads, from Venice Center, 53-54; 

on Cayuga sites, 114 
Disc-topped pipe from Scipioville, 99 
Disease, use of bird-bone beads in, 75 
Dog as food, 168 

Dorr, C. E., acknowledgment to, 120 
Dots, decorating pipe, Z3, 34, 153; representing 

human faces, 27, 88, 147-148, 154-155, 164- 

165, 174 
Douglass, A. E., collection of, in American 

Museum of Natural History, 52, 92 
Drill, stone, used in boring pipes, 160 
Dry hill, Jefferson county, effigy pipe from, 162 
Duck shell-bead from Fleming, 114 

Ears, pierced, of effigy pipe, 99 

Earthen walls, in Jeft'erson county, 118; of Onon- 
daga forts, 173 

Earthenware, see Pottery, Terracotta 

East Cavuga, Cayuga county, Caj^uga site at, 
49-52 

Eastern culture, modifications of, 21-24; of 
Jefferson county, 118-175; pipes and pottery 
of, 24, 28, 8S, 141-142 

Effigies, on bone, 29, 53, 62, 78-80; on gorgets, 
164-165; on masks, 52, 68, 109-110; on pipes, 
25, 29, 33-34, 51-53, 57, 67, 79, 90-94, 99-102, 
106-109, 118, 149-151, 154, 161-162; on pot- 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



tery, 27, 33, 46, 88, 147-148, 174. See Blowing 

false-face, Faces 
Elk as food, 167 
England, colonial period of, among Cayuga, 172- 

173 
Engraving, of bone, 59, 131-132, 140-141; of 

shell runtees, 64, 115-116; of stone beads, 

60. See Etching 
Erethizon dorsatum as food, 168 
Erie, boundaries of, 31; colonies of, in Five Na- 
tions, 22-23; pottery forms of, 28, 43, 88-89, 

142; site of, at Ripley, 16, 75; Susquehanna 

tribes related to, 31; use of bone tubes among, 

74-75 
Etching, on bone, 62, 69, 75-77, 80-81; on stone 

beads. 111; on terracotta pipes, 96. See 

Engraving 
Europeans, pottery influenced by, 28; utensils 

procured from, 48. See Colonial period 
Eyes, carved above eye-brows, 109; conventional 

representation of, 27, 148, 165; leaden pellets 

representing, 100 j li J _i 

ii _ _ 

Fabric-marked jar from Theresa, 145 

Faces, carved in stone, 52-53, 109, 164-165; oh 
pipes, 25, 33-34, 67, 90, 99, 101-103, 106-108, 
154; on pottery, 27, 88, 147-148, 155, 174. 
See Effigies 

False-face society, images of, on pipes, 34. See 
Blowing false-face 

Farmers, cemeteries despoiled by, 37; collections 
of, 53 i45 

Fenur, human, artifacts of, 62, 72-74; engraved 
cylinder of, 133 

Ferules, brass, 63 



191 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



192 



IROQUOIS 



Fictile ware, see Poitery 

Figurine, earthenware, from Aurora, 89 

Finger lakes, bounding Western group, 30; type 

of artifacts from, 28 
Firearms, effect of, on fortifications, 17 
Fireplaces, at Great Gully, 61, 66; in Upper 

Cayuga village, 56. See Ash-beds, Ashes 
Fish, bones and scales of, in burial, 62; effigies 

of, 25, 33) 
Fishhooks, bone: from Cayuga sites, 43, 72; 

from Onondaga site, 137; Pan-Iroquoian, 29; 

brass, from Cayuga sites, 116; copper, from 

Cayuga site, 56, 67 
Five Nations, bone combs of, 78; captive colo- 
nies among, 22-24, 173, 175 
Fleming, Cayuga county, artifacts from, 74; 

bone comb from, 80-82; Cayuga site near, 49; 

chipped gunflint from, 103; Dr F. C. Smith 
of, 39, 51; duck shell-bead from, 114; effigy 

pipe from, 101; quatrefoil charm from, 112- 

113; trade articles from, 116-117 
Fleming creek, Cayuga county, Cayuga site near, 

49 
Flexed burials at Great Gully, 58, 61, 63-64, 67, 

68 
Flint, arrowpoints, 17, 23, 44, 46, 68, 121, 126, 

157-158, 165: chipped, 20, 29, 59, 103-104; 

knives, 44, 116; notched implements, 56; scrap- 
ers, 29, 166 
Foodstuff of Onondaga, 167-170 
Forest lake, see Parker's pond 
Forks, see Awls 
Forms, of Onondaga pottery, 26-28, 33; of 

Western versus Eastern pottery, 3Z, 142. See 

Shapes 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Forts, see Stockades 

Fox, effigy of, 25 

France, colonial period of, among Cayuga, 172- 

173 
French cutlass in grave at Great Gully, 63 
Frog, effigy of, 25 

Gambling flints, see Gmiflints 
Gambling game, die of deer's phalanx for, 136 
Genoa, Cayuga county, Jesuit sites at, 54; raven 
effigy-pipe from, 99-100; stone ornaments 
from, 112 
Geometric designs, on pipes, 25, 149; on pottery, 

148 
Georgia, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 
Georgian bay, bounding Western group, 30 
Getman, A. A., bone fishhook in collection of, 
137; bone gorget found by, 137; bone needles 
in collection of, 129; trumpet pipe in collec- 
tion of, 155 
affords, Mr. burial found by, 57 
Glass, beads of, extensively used, 19; from 
Cayuga sites, 116; from Venice Center, 53-54; 
in burials at Great Gully, 60, 63, 68; jar buried 
at Great Gully, 65. See Trade articles 
Globular jars of Western group, 33 
Gold, E. H., stone effigy pipe presented by, 109 
Gorget-like pendants, Pan-Iroquoian, 29 
Gorgets, effigy, of stone, on Onondaga sites, 164- 
165; of human skull, 29, 137-138; of pottery 
from Putnam site, 147; slate, Algonkian, 40- 
41; slate, at Cato, 47; two-holed, Algonkian, 
19, 170-171 
Gouges, Algonkian, 41 



193 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



194 



IROQUOIS 



Gravers, antler prongs as, 139; celts, for pottery, 
44; slate, for pottery, 105 

Graves, age of, at Old Town, 50; artifacts in 
Andaste, 18; at Ledyard, 56; communal, in 
Rutland hills, 125; effigy pipes in, 90. See 
Cemeteries, Cemelery 

Great Gully, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42, 
46; antler ornament from, 84; arrowpoints 
from, 103; bone comb from, 79-80; catlinite 
beads from, 111; celts from, 105; fort at, 44- 
45; excavations at, 55-69; hammers tone from. 
104; jar from, 86; necklace from, 63-64, 
115-116; pottery from, 89; shell artifacts 
from, 114-116; stone mask found at, 109; 
terracotta pipes from, 96-97; trade articles 
from, 116-117. See Voung farm 

Great Gully brook, Cayuga county, Jesuit sta- 
tion on, 49 

Green, blanket covering skeleton, 57; paint, 
traces of, in grave, 66 

Greenhalgh, Wentworth, Cayuga villages visited 
by, 52 

Grinders, see Midlers 

Grooved, adze, absence of, on sites, 19; axe, 
extraneous origin of, on sites, 19, 23 

Gulf states, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 
16 

Gunflints of native make, 103-104 

Gunpowder, keg of, at Great Gully, 44 

Guns, from Cayuga sites, 53, 57, 63. 116 

Hammerstones, from Cayuga sites, 46, 68, 104; 
from Onondaga sites, 29, 158, 166; Pan-Iro- 
quoian, 20; slate, indicative of Algonkian cul- 
ture, 170-171 



INDIAN NOTES 



IND EX 



Handle, antler, from Locke, 43, 83; bone, from 

Great Gully, 64 
Harpoons, antler, Cayuga, 69; bone, Cayuga, 

69; bone, Onondaga, 29, 133-134 
Haivk-bells from Cayuga sites, 116 
Head-dresses, conventional, decorating pipes, 154 
Heads, luted on potter}^, 27, 148, 174; modeled 

on pipes, 2>d>. See Effigies 
Helix sp., shells of, in burial at Great Gully, 61 
Helmar, Mr, niche pipe found by, 101; stone 

effigy pipe obtained from, 108 
Hendricks, Harmon W., effigy pipe presented by, 

160-161 
Herring-hone pattern on pipe, 156 
Heye, G. G., Algonkian bone comb discovered 

by, 78; shell runtees found by, 113 
Hickory-nuts, evidence of, as food, 167 
Hide-scrapers, iron, with burial at Great Gully, 

67. See Scrapers 
Hilltops, fortification of, 17; at Locke, 42; in 

Rutland hills, 42; sites of Onondaga in Jeffer- 
son county, 118, 121-122 
Hochelaga, now Montreal, Onondaga pottery 

of, 24-25, 28 
Hock-hones of deer, tools from, 138-139 
Horseshoe design on effigy gorget, 164 
Hough, F. B., researches of, in Jefferson county, 

120 
Houghton, F. W., bulletins of, on Seneca and 

Neutral, 16; classification by, of Iroquois 

culture, 17-19 
Howland, A. D., Onondaga jars found by, 145 
Howland, Isahel, acknowledgment to, 39; bone 

comb presented by, 51, 80 
Hudson river, influence of Mohawk along, 119 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



195 



196 



IROQUOIS 



Human, bone artifacts of, 62, 72-74; engraved 
cylinder of, 133; gorgets of , 29, 137-138; tube 
of, 77; effigies, 25, 3?,, 34, 67, 78-79, 88, 90, 
99, 101-102, 109-110, 147-149, 154, 164-165, 
174 

Huron, blowing false-face pipes of, 92-94; bone 
implements of, 125; boundaries of, 32; colo- 
nies of, in Five Nations, 22-23; colonies of, 
among Onondaga, 175; influence of, on Cayuga, 
173; pottery jars of, 142 

Huronian slate, effigy pipe of, 162 

Impressed decoration of pottery, 27, 89, 148, 153 

Incised decoration, of pottery, 27, 148, 155-156; 
on bone smoothers, 128. See Etching 

hidian Notes and Monographs, Algonkians treated 
in, 41 

''Indian Path'' at Great Gully fort, 45 

Indian river, Jefiferson county, entire jars found 
near, 145-147 

Infants, burials of, 60, 63-64. See Children 

Inlay, slot for, on pipe, 153-154 

Inscriptions, Jesuit, on rings, 48 

Iron, artifacts from Cayuga sites, 116-117; axe, 
from Mead farm, 51; axe, in burial at Great 
Gully, 60; bullet-molds in burials at Great 
Gully, 59, 77; knife from Venice Center, 53- 
54; knife in burial at Great Gully, 64; imple- 
ments in burial at Great Gull}^, 67; traces of, 
in burial at Great Gully, 65 

Iroquois, inclusiveness of term, 16. See Five 
Nations, Fan-Iropioian 

Jars, Andaste, at Athens, Pa., 104; Andaste, 
on Cayuga sites, 54-55; cast of, in grave at 
Great Gully, 65; conventional faces on, 33, 8S, 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



147-148, 155, 164-165, 174; entire, from 
Theresa, 145-147; glass, in grave at Great 
Gully, 65; in Cayuga burial at Venice Center, 
53; of Eastern and Western culture, 141- 
142; pipe-bowls resembling, 90-92, 151-152; 
rim-form of, 33, 153; scarcity of, in graves, 
85-87; shape of Onondaga, 26-28; Western 
forms of, 31, 173 

Jasper, Algonkian implements of, 126; Andaste 
artifacts of, 18 

Jaw, bear's, artifact from, 71-72 

Jefferson county, abundance of bone artifacts 
in, 125; Algonkian sites in, 125-126; archeo- 
logical data of, 120; ash-beds of, 43; beads of 
native copper in, 19; bilaterally barbed har- 
poons in, 133-134; bison in, 170; coronet pipes 
of, 95; deer phalanges in, 136; development of 
Onondaga culture in, 174-175; Eastern cul- 
ture of, 24; Eastern pottery from, 88; efhgy 
pipes from, 154, 160-162; jar-form of pipe- 
bowl in, 90; niche pipes of, 103; Onondaga 
pottery of, 141-149; Onondaga sites in, 30, 
34, 118-125; prehistoric stone pipe in, 106- 
107; skull gorgets in, 138; terracotta pipes of, 
149-156. See Putnam site 

Jesuit period, artifacts of, on Cayuga sites, 35, 
38-39, 48, 53-54, 57; devices of, 34, 48; influ- 
ence of, on Onondaga culture, 174—175; rings 
of, 48, 51, 53, 56, 57, 68, 116; sites of, 38-39, 
44, 49, 52-54, 74; stone celts in, 105 

Jew^s-harps from Cayuga sites, 116 

Jinglers, bone, from Cato, 47; bone, from Locke, 
43; bone, from Putnam site, 141; ground 
phalangeal bones as, 71, 135-136; brass, from 
Cayuga sites, 68, 117 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



197 



198 



IROQUOIS 



Katonah, Westchester countv, collection of P. 

H. Lewis in, 79, 92, 107 
Keg of gunpowder at Great Gully, 44 
Kettles, brass, from Cayuga sites, 44, 53, 57, 

63, 66-68 
Knee- and ankle-rattles among Iroquois, 136 
Knives, antler-handled, 43-44, 83; flint, 44, 103, 

116; iron, 53-54, 64; shell, 29; stone,' 17, 46, 

56, 62, 71-73, 75, 121, 127, 129 

Laidlaw, G. E., effigy pipes figured by, 29 

Lake Cayuga, Cayuga sites near, 48; Great Gully 

site near, 56 
Lake Erie bounding Western group, 30 
Lake Huron bounding Western group, 30 
Lake Oivasco, Ca^mga sites near, 42, 48; stone 

effigy pipe from, 108-109 
Lake Simkoe bounding Western group, 32 
Lead, pellets of, as eyes, 100 
Leaf -shaped knives, from Aurora, 46; from 

Locke, 44 
Ledyard township, Cayuga county, Great Gully 

fort in, 45, 55 
LeRoy, Jefferson county, Putnam site in town- 
ship of, 121 
Leivis, P. H., collection of, 79, 92, 107, 117 
Line-and-dot decoration, 27, ZZ, 34, 59, 88, 96, 

100, 106, 109, 148, 155, 164-165, 174 
Lines as decoration, 67, 101, 103, 132, 148, 153 
Linked diamond design on bone, 133 
List of animals used as food, 167-168 
Liverpool, Onondaga county, collection of C. P. 

Oatman in, 34, 154 
Location of dwellings, Pan-Iroquoian, 17. See 

Sites 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Locke, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42-44, 46; 
antler artifacts from, 82-83; arrowpoints from, 
103; artifacts from, 43-44, 72, 75; coronet 
pipe from, 95; net-sinker from, 104; pottery 
from, 87; stone implements from, 105 

Long-bones, burial of, at Great Gully, 60, 65 

Lowlands, Algonkian sites in, 46-47; Onondaga 
sites in, at Black River, 122 

Luting of faces on pottery, 27, 148, 174 

Liitra canadensis as food, 168 

Madison county, Eastern culture of, 24 

Mammals, see Animals 

Manhattan island, bone harpoon found on, 134; 
engraved bone implements of, 132; shell- 
heap on, 112 

Manufacture of pottery, 144-145 

Mapleton, Cayuga county, antler artifact from, 
82; bone comb from, 80; Ca3mga site near, 49; 
quatrefoil charm from, 113; shell artifacts 
from, 114; stone pendant from near, 110; 
wolf-head pipe from, 92 

Marmota monax as food, 168 

Marten as food, 168 

Masks, miniature stone, from Cayuga sites, 109; 
stone, from cemetery at Great Gully, 68 

Mead farm, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 49- 
52; antler chipping tool from, 82; artifacts 
from, 74; bone comb from, 80-82; duck 
shell-bead from, 114; effigy pipe from, 101 

Measure, antler-tip for, 140 

Medals, Jesuit, from SciDioville, 53 

Medicine, antler measure for, 140 

Medicine-men, use of bird-bone beads by, 75 

Mending of pottery, 143-144 



199 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



200 



IROQUOIS 



Menomini, use of bone tubes among, 75 

Mephitis hudsonijis as food, 168 

Metal, artifacts on Cayuga sites, 116-117; jin- 
glers, 136; tools, effect of, on bonework, 69; 
tools for stoneworking, 111. See Brass, Cop- 
per, Iron 

Mica, worked, indicative of Algonkian culture, 
170 

Middle Atlantic states, culture of, compared 
with Iroquois, 15; pottery of Indians of, 146 

Middle Western tribes, bone needles of, 129-130 

Minisink site, near Montague, N. J., 78 

Modeling of effigies, 25, 27, 33, 67, 148, 174 

Mohawk, bone combs of, 77; bone implements 
of, 125, 132; bonework compared with Ca- 
yuga, 69; domination of Manhattan island 
by, 132; Eastern culture of, 24, 118-119, 172; 
pottery jars of, 141 

Monitor pipes, absence of, on sites, 19 

Monolithic oipes, 106. See Pipes 

Montague, N. J., Munsee cemetery at, 113 

Montezuma, Jefferson county, effigy pipe from 
near, 154; Mr Helmar of, 108; niche pipe 
from near, 101-102 

Montreal, Canada, an ancient Onondaga site, 25 

Moore, W. A., acknowledgment to, 120; luted 
pottery found by, 148 

Moorehead, W. K., discoveries by, in West Vir- 
ginia, 32 

Mortars, Onondaga, 29, 158, 166; Pan-Iro- 
quoian, 20 

Mortuary offerings, scarcity of, 54—55, 85-86. 
See Graves 

Mound, Algonkian, at Cato, 47 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Mouth, conventional indication of, 27, 148; 
double, on mask, 109 

Mouthpieces of pipes, 29, 92, 105-106, 161. 
See Pipes 

Midlers, from Aurora, 46; from near Scipioville, 
104; in burial at Great Gully, 68; on Onon- 
daga sites, 158, 166; Pan-Iroquoian, 20 

Munsee cemetery at Montague, N. J., artifacts 
from, 113 

Murray, L. W., Andaste comb found by, 78 

Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda- 
tion, see Collection 

Miiskrat as food, 168 

M us tela americana as food, 168 

Mustela noveboracensis as food, 168 

Myers, George, acknowledgment to, 40 

Necklace, of bird-bone beads at Ripley, 75; shell, 
with infant's burial at Great Gully, 63-64, 
115-116 

Necks of jars, 26-27, Z3, 87-88, 142 

Needles, bone, on Onondaga sites, 29, 129-130, 
141; brass, in ash-bed at Great Gully, 66 

Net-sinkers from Cayuga sites, 44, 46, 47, 104; 
Pan-Iroquoian, 20 J 

Neutral, antler tools of, 82; blowing false-face 
pipes of, 92-94; bone combs of, 78; bone 
implements of, 125, 132; boundaries of, 30-31; 
colonies of, among Onondaga, 175; colonies 
of, in Five Nations, 22-23; Houghton on, 16; 
Huron relationship to, 32 ; influence of, on 
Cayuga, 173; Onondaga pottery related to, 
28; pottery forms of, 43, 142; stone pipe of, 
106; Susquehanna tribes related to, 31; use 
of bone tubes among, 74—75 



201 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



202 



IROQUOIS 



Xeiv England, culture of, compared with Iro- 
quois, 15; pottery of, 146 

New Jersey, Algonkian site in, 78; jMunsee ceme- 
tery in, 113 

New Rochelle, Westchester county, Mr W. A. 
Moore of, 120, 148 

New World, northern Iroquois preeminent in, 15 

New York, fortification of hilltops in, 17; influ- 
ence of Mohawk on, 119; Iroquois of, 16 

New York State Museum, entire Onondaga jar 
in, 146; Mr S. C. Bishop of, 168 

Niagara, falls: Neutral bone combs near, 78; 
Neutral stone pipe near, 106; frontier: arti- 
facts typical of, on Onondaga sites, 174-175; 
Erie and Neutral sites near, 74-75; influence 
of tribes west of, on Cayuga, 89; Seneca and 
Neutral remains near, 16; peninsula: Western 
groups on, 30; territory of Hurons w^st of, 32 

Niche pipe, found near IMontezuma, 101-103; 
from Putnam farm, 103; pipes in stone, 106 

Nichols, George, effigy pipe obtained from, 108; 
niche pipe purchased from, 101-102 

Nodes ornamenting Onondaga jar, 146 

Non-palisaded villages, 52 

North America, northern Iroquois preeminent in, 
15-16 

Northern, Iroquois, preeminence of, 15, 20; tribes, 
bone needles of, 129-130 

Notched, arrowpoints: Algonkian, 19, 41; on 
Iroquois sites, 23, 47, 121-122, 157-158, 165- 
166; beads, 111 ; knives and spears, Algonkian, 
56; rim in pottery, 44, 87-88, 96, 142, 153 

Nuts, evidence of, as food, 167 

Oaklands, Cayuga county, stone pendants of, 
110 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 203 



Oakwood, Cayuga county, site of Colonial period 
near, 49 

Oatman, C. P., effigy pipe in collection of, 154; 
pipes in collection of, 34 

Oatman, H. J., pipes in collection of, 29 

Odocoileus virginianus, as food, 167 

Ohio, Western group in, 30-31 

Ohio vallev, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 
16 

Old Town, see East Cayuga 

Ondatra zibethica as food, 168 

Oneida, bone combs of, 78; bonework compared 
with Cayuga, 69; culture of, 24, 118; pottery 
jars of, 141 

Oneida county, Eastern culture of, 24 

Onondaga, antlerwork, 29, 131-141; artifacts 
from Putnam site, 165-166, 170; awls, num- 
ber of, 126, 140; arrowpoints, number of, 
126, 128; blowing false-face pipes, 92-94; 
bonework, 29, 69, 77, 125-141; copper beads, 
29-30; climax of Eastern culture in, 23-24; 
culture compared with Algonkian, 170-171; 
culture, extraneous influences on, 173-175; 
food, 167-170; pottery, 24-28, 141-149; pre- 
historic stone pipe, 106-107; shellwork, 29; 
sites in Jeflferson county, 30, 118-125; sites 
on hilltops, 173; stonework, 28-29, 157-166; 
terracotta pipes, 24-28, 96, 149-156 

Onondaga county, artifacts of human bone from, 
73-74; bison in, 169-170; Eastern culture of, 
24; Onondaga sites in, 119 

Ontario, Canada, Neutral in, 78; Neutral stone 
pipe in, 106; Western group in, 30, 32 

Opposing figures decorating Cayuga combs, 78- 
79 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



204 



IROQUOIS 



Orientation of burials, 61-64, 67, 68 

Origin of Iroquois, unsolved, 35-36 

Origin of the Iroquois as suggested by their Ar- 
cheology, Parker, author, 17, 20 

Ornament, antler, from Great Gully, 65, 84. See 
Charms, Gorgets, Fe?idants 

Ossuaries in Rutland hills, 125 

Ostrander's creek, Jefferson county, ash-beds at 
•Jiead of, 124; terracotta pipe found near, 155 

Otter as food, 168 

Oval knives and scrapers on sites, 17, 103 

Owasco lake, see Lake Owasco 

Owl effigy on pipe, 101 

Paddle used in marking pottery, 145 

Paint, red, in burial, 67; traces of, in burial, 66; 
vermilion, in burial, 64 

Painting of pottery, 145 

Pan-Iroquoian, arrowheads, 157; artifacts iden- 
tifying sites, 17-20, 24-36, 172-175; line-and- 
dot pattern, 59; trumpet pipe, 151 

Panthers, carved on comb, 62, 79-80; on pipe, 
29 

Parker, A. C, author of Origin of the Iroquois, 
17, 20; centers of population classified by, 
20-22; classification by, of Iroquois culture, 
17-19; on bone combs, 77-78; on Cayuga 
stone pipes, 105; on origin of Cayuga, 42; on 
origin of Iroquois, 35; on Western pottery 
forms, 33; pottery found by, 88; report by, 
on Erie site at Ripley, 16 

Parker's pond, Algonkian and Iroquois sites at, 
46-47; Cayuga site at, 42 

Partridges carved on comb, 80-81 

Peaked rim in pottery, 26-27, 153. See Angular 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Pearl Street road, LeRoy township, Onondaga 
village-site on, 121 * 

Pebble, as whetstone, 165; perforated for sus- 
pension, 165. See Net sinkers 

Pecked stone, absence of certain forms of, on 
sites, 18-19 

Pendants: bear's tooth, from Fleming, 74; bone 
Cayuga, 71; catlinite, from Scipioville, 52 
gorget-like, 29; representing ear of corn, 112 
stone, from near Mapleton, 110 

Penis-bone of raccoon, as awl, 127, 140 

Pennsylvania, Andaste in, 78, 104; fortification 
of hilltops in, 17; Iroquois of, 16; Western 
group in, 30-31. See Athens 

Pepper, G. H., Algonkian bone comb discovered 
by, 78; shell runtees found by, 113 

Perforated, antler-prongs, 139-140; canine 
teeth, 74; human femur, 72-74; knife-handle, 
83; pebble, 165; phalanges of deer, 29, 70- 
71; plastron of box-tortoise, 73; skull gorget, 
137-138. See Beads, Pendants, Tubes 

Pestles, Algonkian, 41; occurrence on sites, 19 

Pewter, dishes, from Cayuga sites, 116; pipe 
stem, 92 

Phalangeal bones, hollowed artifacts of, 70-71, 
135-136; jinglers from, 43, 47; rubbed and 
perforated, 29 

Pig (domestic) as food, 168 

Pigment rubbed in patterns, 132 

Pipes, evidence of, as to use of tobacco, 167; 
stone: Algonkian, 41; on Cayuga sites 105- 
109; on Onondaga sites, 28-29, 158-162, 166; 
Pan-Iroquoian, 79-80; terracotta: extraordi- 
nary development of, 18; of Cayuga, 43, 49, 
52-54, 57, 67, 89-103; of Onondaga, 24-25, 



205 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



206 



IROQUOIS 



149-15.6; Western versus Eastern, 33-35, 175; 

trade' in cemetery at Great GuUv, 61, 66 
Pitcher-form of Onondaga jar, 27, 2>3 
Pits, at Cato, 46; at Great Gully fort, 44; at 

Locke, 43; rarity of, on Putnam site, 124. 

See Caches 
Pitted hammerstones, from Great Gully, 68, 104; 

on Onondaga sites, 158 
Platform pipes, Algonkian, 41; at Cato, 47. See 

Monitor pipes 
Plum, evidence of, as food, 167 
Plummet, absence of, on sites, 19 
Polished stone, absence of certain forms of, on 

sites, 18-19, 170-171 
Polishing, of antler, 83; of bone, 29, 75, 84-85, 

127, 133-135, 137; of stone, 18-19, 105, 158; 

of terracotta pipes, 3-4-35, 51, 89, 100, 150, 

173 
Population, centers of, 20-24 
Porcupine as food, 168 
Potsherds, see Pottery 
Pottery, Algonkian, 47, 121; bone tools for, 29, 

127-128, 131, 141; Cayuga, 44, 46^7, 59, 

65, 85-87, 172-173; gravers for, 44, 105, 139; 

Onondaga, 24-28, 118, 141-149, 170; Pan- 

Iroquoian, 18, 19, 23, 31-33, 87-89, 170-171. 

See Jars, Terracotta, Vessels 
Powder, pottery jars covered with, 146 
Procyon lotor as food, 168 
Prongs, antler, implements of, 139-140; from 

Locke, 82-83 
Punches, see Awls 

Purdy, Percy, entire Onondaga jar found by, 146 
Purple wampum on Cayuga sites, 114 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Putnam, L. H., acknowledgment to, 120; effigy 
gorgets presented by, 164; Onondaga site on 
farm of, 121; trumpet pipe found by, 151 

Putnam site, Jefferson county, antler objects 
from, 139-141; bone objects from, 125-139; 
niche pipe from, 103; number of artifacts 
from, 140-141, 165-166, 170; occurrence of 
artifacts in, 123-125; physiography of, 121- 
122; pottery from, 141-149, 170; stone arti- 
facts from, 165-166; stone pipes from, 158-160; 
terracotta pipes from, 149-156, 171; typical 
of Onondaga culture, 173-174. See^Black 
River village 

Quafrefoil slate charm from Fleming, 112-113 
Quartz, Algonkian implements of, 126; Andaste 

artifacts of, 18; chips on Algonkian site, 121 
Quartzite muller from Great Gully, 104 

Rabbit street, Calcium, Rodney Whitne}^ farm on, 
122 

Raccoon, as food, 168; penis-bone of, as awl, 127, 
140 

Rattle, brass, from Cayuga grave, 117; portion 
of, from Locke, 72 

Raven, effigy-head on pipe, 91, 99-100; effigy- 
pipe, 52 

Red, paint, in burial at Great Gully, 67; shale, 
beads and pendants of, 52; shale, maskettes 
of, 109-1 10;. stone beads in burials, 60; ware, 
pipes of, 35. See Vermilion 

Reed, mouthpieces of, 29, 105-106, 161 

Reed farm, Cataraugus county, pottery from, 88 

Revolutionary war, sites destroyed by, 38, 48-49 

Rhyolite, Andaste artifacts of, 18 



207 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



208 



IROQUOIS 



Richardson, Edward, acknowledgment to, 39 

Richmond Mills, Cataraugus county, Seneca 
arrowpoints at, 129; Seneca pottery from, 88 

Rims, crinolated, ^3); faces luted on, 27, 148, 
174; notched, of jars, 87-88; notched, of 
pipes, 96, 153; notched, of Western form, 142; 
peaked, 26-27, 153 

Rings, bronze, of Jesuit origin, 48, 51, 53, 56, 57, 
68, 116 

Ripley, Chautauqua county, Erie site at, 16, 75 

Romney, West Virginia, Tuscarora cemetery 
near, 32 

Roultte used in decorating pottery, 148 

Rubbed slate point, absence of, on sites, 19 

Rubbing stones from Locke, 44 

Rimtees, shell, from infant's grave, 64, 115-116; 
native origin of, 113 

Rutland hills, Jefferson county, antler imple- 
ments from, 139-140; bone harpoons from, 
134; bone implements from, 137; efhgy pipe 
from, 154; engraved bone cylinder from, 133; 
hilltop forts in, 42; luted pottery from, 148; 
Onondaga sites in, 122; ossuaries in, 125; 
skull gorget from, 138; terracotta pipe from, 
155; type of artifacts from, 28 

Sacred heart on Jesuit rings, 48 

St Davids, Ontario, Neutral bone combs from, 
78; Neutral stone pipe from, 106 

St Laurence, St LaAvrence county, bone fish- 
hook from, 137; bone harpoon from, 133; 
bone needle from, 129; Eastern pottery jars 
of, 141; stone pipe from, 160; terracotta pipe 
from, 155 

Saints, figures of, on Jesuit rings, 48 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



St Lawrence basin, Eastern culture of, 24 

St Lawrence county, Eastern culture of, 24 

St Lawrence river, Eastern pottery of, 88 

Salt-licks visited by herds of bison, 169. 

Sand used to temper clay, 102, 146 

Sanford^s Corners, see Calcium 

Scipio, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites near, 42, 
55 

Scipioville, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 54; 
bone combs from, 78-80; catlinite beads 
from, 111-112; jar from, 86; Mr Benjamin 
Watkins of, 39, 114; muller from near, 104; 
stone mask from, 109; stone pendants from, 
110; terracotta pipes from, 92, 97-100 

Scissors from Cayuga sites, 116 

Scrapers, flint: from Cayuga' sites, 103; from 
Onondaga sites, 166; Pan-Iroquoian, 29; iron, 
from Cayuga sites, 116; shell, 29; stone, 17, 
127 

Semi-lunar knife, absence of, on sites, 19 

Seneca, antler tools of, 82; blowing false-face 
pipes of, 92-94; bone combs of, 77; bone im- 
plements of, 125; boundaries of, 30-31; 
Cayuga an offshoot of, 42; coronet pipes of, 
95; flint arrowpoints of, 129; Houghton on, 
16; Huron relationship to, 32; influence of, 
on Cayuga, 173; Jesuit sites of, compared 
with Cayuga, 54; mortuary offerings of, 85-86; 
pottery of, 28, 43, 88-89, 142 

Shale, effigy gorgets of, 164-165; maskettes of, 
109-110. Set Catlinite 

Shapes, of Cayuga pipes, 89-90; of jars, 142. 
See Forms 

Shell, articles on Cayuga sites, 113-116; arti- 
cles on Onondaga sites, 29, 170; beads exten- 



209 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



210 



IROQUOIS 



sively used, 19; beads from Cayuga sites, 53- 
54, 63-64,. 68, 115-116; beads from Onondaga 
sites, 163-164; perforated, of box-turtle, 43 

Shell-heaps, Algonkian, 84; stone beads in, 112 

Shell-pit at Clasons point, 137 

Shells, snail, in burial at Great Gully, 61 

Shell-tempering not found in Jefferson county, 145 

Sherwood, Cayuga count)^, Miss Isabel Rowland 
of, 39, 51, 80 

Shield, with effigies, on pipes, 154 

Sinker, see Net-sinker 

Sites, Algonkian, 46-47; Cayuga, 40-68; con- 
fusion in, 38-39; Onondaga, in Jefferson 
county, 118, 121-122, 173; typical Iroquois, 
on hilltops, 17 

Sizing unused in Onondaga pottery, 145 

Skeletons, accompanied with brass kettle, 53; 
Algonkian, at Cato, 47; found by Young, 67. 
See Burials, Cemeteries 

Skull, human, gorgets of, 29, 137-138 

Skunk as food, 168 

Slate, charm from Fleming 112-113; efffgy pipe 
on Onondaga site, 162; gorget at Cato, 47; 
gorgets on Algonkian sites, 40-41; pottery 
gravers at Locke, 105 

Slates, absence of, on sites, 19; polished, indica- 
tive of Algonkian culture, 170-171 

Sliver awl, an Algonkian type, 127 

Slot for inlay on pipe, 153-154 

Smith, F. C, acknowledgment to, 39; artifacts 
presented by, 51; bear's tooth pendant found 
by, 74; effigy pipe presented by, 101 

Smoothers, bone, for potter>^, 127-128, 141; 
worked teeth as, 131, 141 

Snail-shells in burial at Great Gully, 61 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



Snakes: carved on bone comb, 79, effigy on pipe, 
^ 25, 2>Z, 101. 

Snap ping-turtle, effigy of, on pipe, 162 
Snow-shoe needles, Onondaga needles like, 129- 

130 
Soapstone, beads, 163; pipe, 47 
Soot used as pigment in patterns, 132 
South, discoidals from, 46, 104 
Southern Sionan tribes, antler measures among, 

140 
Spatulce, bone, of Onondaga, 29 
Spearheads, Algonkian, 41, 56; antler, Cayuga, 

82. See Knives 
Spoons, bone, from Cayuga sites, 69; wooden, 

with burial. Great Gully, 65, 68 
Spuyten Duyvil creek, New York county, shell- 
heap on, 112 
Square-topped pipes, see Coronet pipes 
Squash, evidence of, as food, 167 
Squier, E. G., author of Antiquities of the State 

of New York, 44-45; cited, 120 
Star, bead, from Great Gully, 59; design on 

shell runtees, 115-116 
Steatite, beads of, on Onondaga sites, 28, 135, 

163, 165; effigy-pipes of, 108-109, 158-162; 

pipes of, 28; vessels of, Algonkian, 19, 47, 

56, 170 
Stemmed, arrowpoints: absence of, on sites, 19; 

Algonkian, 47; arrowpoints and knives, 121- 

122; stone pipes, boring of, 106-107. See 

Notched 
Stockades, at Aurora, 45-46; at Great Gully, 44- 

45, 56; at Locke, 43; Onondaga, of Jefferson 

county, 118, 122, 173; Pan-Iroquoian, 17 
Stoneage, cemeteries of, 54; tools of, 105 



211 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



212 



IROQUOIS 



Stone, artifacts, of Cayuga, 43-44, 46, 47, 52-53, 
68; beads, abundance of, 19; beads of Cayuga, 
46, 110-113; beads of Onondaga, 135; knives 
of Cayuga, 17, 46, 56; knives of Onondaga, 

121, 127, 129; mortars, 29; ornaments of 
Cayuga, 109-113; pipes on Cayuga sites, 105- 
109; pipes on Onondaga sites, 158-162, 166; 
scrapers, 17, 29, 103, 127, 166; tools, 62, 71- 
73, 75, 82-83, 105, 127, 160, 164 

Stones, burnt, for tempering pottery, 145; in 

cemetery at Great Gully, 61 
Stonework, Algonkian, 19, 23, 40, 47, 56, 121- 

122, 157-158, 165-166, 170-171; Andaste, 18; 
Cayuga, 103-113; Onondaga, 28-29, 119, 
125-126, 157-166; Pan-Iroquoian, 20, 172, 
174. See Chipped stonework 

Stoneworking, bone tools for, 138-139 

Straight pipes, absence of, on sites, 19 

Sullivan, John, Indian towns destroyed by, 38, 

48-49, 52 
Susquehanna valley, Andaste colonies from, 54- 
55; Andaste culture of, 18, 31, 78, 173; 
Western group in, 30 
Susquehannock along Susquehanna, 31. See 

Andaste 
Sus scrofa domes tica as food, 168 
Sivords from Cayuga sites, 116 
Symbolism of Onondaga pottery designs, 148 
Syracuse, Onondaga county, Onondaga arti- 
facts from region of, 174-175; Onondaga site 
near, 34; Mr C. E. Dorr of, 120; salt-licks of, 
visited by bison, 169-170 

Tail, effig>' climbing, 162; panther climbing, 29. 
62, 79 



INDIAN NOTES 



IND EX 



Teeth, perforated, 74; worked implements of, 

130, 141 
Tempering, of clay with sand, 102; of Onondaga 

pottery, 145-146 
Tennessee, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 

16 
Terracotta, effigy, from Aurura, 46; pipes: Algon- 

kian, 47; Cayuga, 46, 47, 51, 53-54, 62, 89- 

108, 172-173; Onondaga, 149-156, 170, 174; 

Pan-Iroquoian, 18, 171. See Pipes 
Theresa, Jefferson county, entire jars from, 145- 

147 
Theurer, Ralph, assistance by, 40; stone pen- 
dant presented by, 110 
Thong, perforation for, on knife-handle, 84; 

on pipe, 161; thongs: in grave, 63; used in 

mending pottery, 143 
Tionontati, pottery jars of, 142 
Tobacco, use of, evidenced by pipes, 167 
Tobacco Nation, boundaries of, 32 
Tools, bone and antler, 82, 127-128; 131-132, 

138-139, 140-141, 153; metal, 69, 81, 111; 

stone, 62, 71-73, 82-83, 105, 127, 129, 160, 164 
Tooth, bear's, pendant of, 74 
Tortoise effigy on pipes, 25 
Trade articles, on Cayuga sites, 48, 61, 66, 116- 

117; on Onondaga site, 34. See Brass, Iron, 

Kettles, Rings 
Triangular arrowpoints, Pan-Iroquoian, 17-18. 

See Arrowpoints 
Trinket, bone, with burial at Great Gully, 65 
Trumpet pipes, Cayuga, 54, 68, 90, 91, 95-96; 

Onondaga, 25, 151, 155; Pan-Iroquoian, 35 



213 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



214 



IROQUOIS 



Tubes, bone, Cayuga, 59, 65, 74-77; bone, Onon- 
daga, 29, 77, 132; slate, indicative of Algon- 
kian culture, 19, 170-171 
Tubular shell beads on necklace at Great Gully, 

63-64, 114-115 
Turkeys carved on bone comb, 79 
Tuscarora related to Iroquois, 31-32 
Two-holed gorgets, at Cato, 47; indicative of 
Algonkian culture, 19, 170-171 

Unilateral harpoons of bone, 134 

Union Springs, Cayuga county, Mr Edward 

Richardson of, 39; Mr W. H. Young of, 39; 

Mr W. W. Adams of, 50-51; owl effigy-pipe 

from, 100-101; site of Colonial period near, 

49 
Untempered day, pipe of, 95 
U pper Cayuga, site of, at Great Gully, 56 
Ursiis americanus as food, 168 

Vandalism, 37-38, 49, 5>, 65, 150 

Venetian beads at Venice Center, 53 

Venice Center, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites at, 

53; Mr Ernest J. Young of, 39; shell artifacts 

from, 114; trumpet pipes from, 91-92, 95-96 
Vermilion, paint, in burial, 64; traces of, in 

burial, 66 
Vermont, Eastern culture of, 24; Eastern pottery 

jars of, 142 
Vessels of steatite, Algonkian, 19, 170; at Cato, 

47; at Great Gully, 56 
Village-sites, artifacts in Andaste, 18. See 

Sites 
Virgin, figure of, on Jesuit rings, 48 
Virginia deer, as food, 167; worked antler of, 

82-83 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDEX 



"Wamptim and Shell Articles," Beauchamp, au- 
thor, 113 

Wampum, beads in Cayuga graves, 53-54, 114; 
belts in burials, 60, 114 

U^arriors, pipes made by, 149 

Watertown, Jefferson county, collection of H. J. 
Oatman in, 29; commercial collectors of, 122; 
effigy pipe from, 162; niche pipe found near, 
103; Putnam site near, 121 

Watkins, Benjamin, acknowledgment to, 39; 
pipe-bowls presented by, 97-100; shell bead 
presented by, 114; stone mask found by, 
109; stone beads presented by, 111-112 

Weasel as food, 168 

Wenro, pottery jars of, 142 

Western culture, area of, 30; Cayuga belonging 
to, 38; groups of, 30-34; influence of, on 
Cayuga, 172-173; influence of, on Onondaga, 
119, 174-175; modifications of, 21-24; pipes 
of, 96, 100-103, 150, 162; pottery of, 43, 88- 
89, 141-142 

West Virginia, Tuscarora cemetery in, 32 

Whetstones on Onondaga sites, 165-166 

Whites, see Colonial period, Jesuit period 

White wampum on Cayuga sites, 114 

Whitney, Rodney, Onondaga site on farm of, 122 

Winnebago, use of bone tubes among, 75 

Wolf, effigy-head of, on pipe, 92 

Women, burials of, 62-64, 68; pottery vessels 
made by, 149 

Woodchuck as food, 168 

Wooden spoons with burial at Great Gully, 65, 
68 



215 



AND MONOGRAPHS 



216 



IROQUOIS 



Young, Ernest J., acknowledgment to, 39, 5vS- 
56; collection of, 68; pipe presented by, 67; 
specimens presented by, 96-97; stone mask 
found by, 109 

Young farm, a Cayuga site, 42, 44; antler orna- 
ment from, 84; arrowpoints from, 103; cat- 
linite beads from, 110-111; celts from, 105 
jar from, 86; net-sinker from, 104; necklace 
from, 63-64, 115-116; pipes from, 96-97 
pottery from, 89. See Great Gully 

Youuii, W. H., acknowledgment to, 39, 55-56 
burial on farm of, 58, 66-67 

Zigza; decoration, on knife handle, 83; on skull 
gorget, 138 



INDIAN NOTES 



INDIAN NOTES 



if It 

it 







e^ A, Iwfe 




MUSEUM OF THE A 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing Agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatnnent Date: 



Bbbrreeper 




PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. L.P. 
1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Crantjerry Twp., PA 16066 
{412)779-2111 



AND MONOGRAPHS 




HEYE FOUNDATION 




010 744 289 3 



